NEW YORK ROTA ^' , ^^'-^r TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT^ ''"^ '"^ L^C iM, OP THE SECRBTARY OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICIILTUKE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. FROM OCTOBER 1, 1886, TO JUNE 30, 188T. ■if '■" -isM?^g-RIS PenihsulAM AH>^NA) BY AUTHORITY. L A N S I N:G : THORP & GODFREY, STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1887. LIBRARY EEPOET OF THE SECEETAEY new york BOTANICAL GARDEN OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Ageicultueal College, ) July 1, 1887. S To Cteus G. Luce, Governor of the State of Michigan : Sir, — I have the honor, in compliance with the law approved May 21, 1887, changing the termination of the fiscal year from September thirtieth to June thirtieth, to submit to you herewith, as required by statute, the accompanying report for the nine months ending June 30, 1887, with supplementary papers. Very respectfully, HENRY G. EEYNOLDS, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. STATE BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. Term expires. HOK. FRANKLIN WELLS, Constantine 1891 Peesident of the Boakd. Hon. WM. B. McCEEERY, Flint.... 1893 Hon. ELIJAH W. RISING, Davison Station.... 1889 Hon. henry CHAMBERLAIN, Three Oaks 1889 Hon. GEO. B. HORTON, Fruit Ridge 1891 Hon. CHAS. W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids 1893 Hon. CYRUS G. LUCE, Governor of the State, Ex-Officio. Hon. EDWIN WILLITS, M. A., President of the College, ' HENRY G. REYNOLDS, M. S., Agricultural College, Secretary. BENJAMIN F. DAVIS, Lansing, Treasurer. FACULTY AIsTD OFFICERS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Edwik Willits, M.A., President and Professor of Political Science, Con- stitutional Law and Business Law. Theophilus C. Abbot, LL. D., Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic. KoBEKT C. Kedzie, M.A., M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Curator of the Chemical Laboratory. Albeet J. Cook. M.S., Professor of Zoology and Entomology and Curator of the General Museum. Wm. J. Beal, M.A., M.S., Ph. D,, Professor of Botany and Forestry and Curator of the Botanical Museum. EoLLA C. Carpenter, M.S., C.E., Professor of Mathematics and Civil- Engineering. Samuel Johnson, M.S., Professor of Practical Agriculture and Superin- tendent of the farm. Elias J. MacEwan, M.A., Professor of English Language and Literature. E. A. A. Grange, V.S., Professor of Veterinary Science. John A. Lockwood, M.S., Second Lieutenant Seventeenth U. S. Infantry, Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Liberty H. Bailey, Jr., M.S., Professor of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, and Superintendent of the Horticultural Department. *Lewis McLouth, M.A., Ph. D., Professor of Mechanics and Astronomy. Henry G. Reynolds, M.S., Secretary. W. F. DuRAND, U. S. N. A., Professor of Mechanics and French, and Director of the Shops. Frank S. Kedzie, M.S., Assistant Professor of Chemistry. Louis G. Carpenter, M.S., Assistant Professor of Mathematics. Henry R. Pattengill, B.S., Assistant Professor of English. Henry W. Baikd, B.S., Ass't Secretary and Instructor iu Book Keeping. Joseph B. Cotton, B.S., Instructor in Mathematics. William S. Holdsworth, B.S., Instructor in Drawing. Mrs. Mary J. Carpenter, M.S., Librarian. Louis Knapper, Florist. Charles S. Crandall, B.S., Foreman of the Horticultural Department. James Wiseman, Foreman of the Iron Shops and Engineer in Chief. Hiram T. French, B.S., Assistant in Farm Experiments. H. Campbell, Carpenter and Foreman of the Wood Shops. Henry Munn, Foreman of the Farm. Clarence P. Gillette, B.S., Assistant in Zoology. Edward R. Lake, B.S., Assistant in Botany. Philip B. Woodvporth, B.S., Assistant in Chemistry. Richard Hiscock, Engineer. * Resigned to accept the Presidency of tlie Dakota Agricultural College. ACCOUN'TS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL •COLLEGE. FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDING JUNE 30, 1887. it ii 4( ii SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT. Dr. Or. October], 1886. To cash on hand $1,846 68 To cash on deposit with College treasurer 7,636 89 By balance due students on deposit accounts S1.327 49 June 30, 1887. To special appropriation receipts as per Table No. 2 : From State Treasurer 816,007 50 From Institution 275 44 16,282 94 June 30, 1887. By special appropriation disbursements j 12,64109 " " To Current account receipts as per Table No. 3 : From State Treasurer §19,761 06 From Institution 9,433 33 29,193 39 June 30, 1887, "^By current account disbursements 33,202 47 " " To balance due students on deposit accounts 1,726 02 By cash on hand 1,484 33 " " By cash on deposit with College Treasurer less §38.98 June interest, and $1,383.54 outstanding warrants 8,030 55 $56,685 92 $56,685 93 The above statement may, perhaps, be more easily understood from the following : COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. Table No. 1. — Tabular Exhibit of Secretary's Account. Name of Account. Balance Sheet, Oct. 1, 1886. Transactions Oct. 1, 1886 to June 30, 1877. Balance Sheet, June 30, 1887. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Cash. $1,846 68 r,636 89 * 8363 36 * 398 53 16,283 94 29,193 39 $1,484 33 + 8,030 55 OollPe^ft frOfLSllTftT* * $393 66 Stnflftntfi' dftno<*ita $1,327 49 5,.554 07 2,603 01 1,726 03 Snecial aT>nroDriations 12,641 09 33,203 47 9,195 92 1,407 07 Totals $9,483 57 $9,483 57 $46,237 23 $46,237 23 $10,931 94 $10,931 94 * Balance of Dr. and Cr. transactions. + Treasurer's statemeat is greater by $38.98 June interest not entered ahove, and by $1,383.54 June warrants still outstanding at close of month. UMMARY OF TREASURER'S REPORT. M. L. Coleman in Account with Agricultural College. Dr. Cr. To balance October 1,1886 87,636 89 To receipts from State Treasurer and Secretary of State Board of Agriculture from October 1, 1886, to February 26, 1887 14,769 33 To interest on deposits 5 months '3,3 percent 104 59 By warrants paid from October 1 to February 21, 1887 $23,510 81 822,510 81 822,510 81 The above is a correct summary of my report to the State Board of Agriculture. M. L. COLEMAN. B. F. Davis in Account with Agricultural Colleeg. Dr. Cr. To receipts from State Treasurer and Secretary of State Board of Agriculture from February 26 to June 30, 1887 $30,925 16 To interest on deposits 4 months @ 4 per cent 114 20 By warrants paid from February 26 to June 30, 1887 831,587 29 By balance on hand June 30, 1887 .♦ 9,453 07 $31,039 36 $31,039 36 The above is a correct summary of my report to the State Board of Agriculture. B. F. DAVIS, Treasurer. 8 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. t> Balance of Appropri- ation in State Treas- ury June 30, 1887. $3,000 00 350 00 1,200 00 400 00 500 00 100 00 35 00 50 00 30 00 100 00 200 00 500 00 300 00 400 00 250 00 500 00 5,000 00 Total Appropria- tion lor 1887-1888. 83,087 50 200 00 ^,000 00 700 00 1,600 00 800 00 1,000 00 200 00 35 00 50 00 30 00 200 00 200 00 500 00 300 00 500 00 1,000 00 250 00 500 00 f. 000 00 a p . UOO o sl -a « $29 78 841 96 195 05 88 90 400 00 500 00 100 00 ' • 8 O t-4 8 S o 1 CO 1 o 1 1 .a ■ *^ cc CO Total Expended. $3,087 50 170 32 158 04 154 95 311 10 CO 3 34 75 00 735 58 - 195 64 193 63 Total Available. 83,087 50 300 00 1,000 00 350 00 400 00 400 00 500 00 100 00 8 S I— t 500 00 863 35 195 64 634 23 4) a "3 s* "S o Pi o o C M [C 3 i| $2,087 50 200 00 1,000 00 350 00 400 00 400 00 500 00 100 00 8 o o r-t 8 M Balance of Account, Oct. 1, 18tj6. 6 85 S S i M lO -* I to OS CO ■ a ( _( ( < 1 s ( ■< ( c I c a s i I -» 3. 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Table No. 10. — Agricultural College Trust Fund. 15- Year. Receipts of State Land OtBce on account of Prin- cipal for Agri- cultural (College Lands sold. Refunded on account of erroneous payments. Balance transferred to credit of Agricultural College Trust Fund. Aggregate to credit of Agricultural Col- lege Trust Fund at close of each fiscal year. 1868 $2,300 00 ll,8ti.i GO 5,895 00 20,101 53 33,621 93 29,583 47 4,686 75 5,3!)9 24 5,939 30 2,337 22 9,619 99 8,590 53 13,762 28 20,341 18 51,449 27 34,483 28 13,802 87 12,46U 87 16.545 31 26,731 63 52,300 00 11,865 (10 5,895 00 20,101 53 33,447 39 29,583 47 4,686 75 5,3ii9 24 5,549 30 2,337 23 9,619 99 8,590 53 13,763 28 20,281 18 51,449 27 33,656 38 13,802 87 12,461) 87 16,545 31 26,731 63 1869 $14,165 00 1870 20,060 00 1871 40,161 53 1872 8174 54 73,IJ08 93 1873 103.193 39 1874 107,879 14 1875 113,278 38 1876 390 00 118,8:i7 68 1877 121,164 90 1878 . . 130,784 SS' 1879 139,375 43 1880 60"06'"" 153,137 70 1881 173,418 88 1882 224,868 15 1883 825 90 258,524 53 27^,3:i7 40 1885 284,788 27 1886 301,333 58 1887 328,065 20 Note.— Fifteen thousand dollars of the above fund was invested from 1870 to 1871 in War Bounty Bonds and held by the college. Table No. 11. — Agricultural College Interest Fund. Year. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1883. 1883. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. n887. Interest on Agricultural College Fund, at 7 per cent, paid by State Treasurer from Fpecific Tax Fund. *$874 95 § 1,397 97 3,953 17 6,040 33 7,407 65 7,717 24 8,124 31 8,396 64 8,740 62 9,409 73 10,240 28 11,426 93 13,957 04 16,741 38 18,739 02 19,645 33 20,571 65 16,493 98 Interest from purchasers on balances due on certifi- cates for part- paid land, less refundings and expenses for appraisals, etc.t $56 68 1,789 56 2,317 24 3,099 51 4,907 77 6,499 21 6,552 93 6,692 47 5,726 58 6,405 26 6,664 80 7,»i3 23 8,642 08 8,345 45 9,141 30 8,881 98 9,121 14 9,323 98 7,577 57 Receipts for per.alty. $3 28 56 43 70 63 122 97 no 96 155 12 125 97 306 64 189 64 247 21 276 55 148 73 285 47 204 96 206 96 237 56 329 06 565 41 309 84 Trespass Cijllectious. «50 00 1,706 75 860 00 414 00 637 14 115 00 580 77 4,659 96 51 16 674 87 229 98 Total accrued to credit of Agricultural College each year. $58 96 2,720 93 3,785 84 7,175 65 11,059 06 14,061 98 14,446 14 16,830 17 15,172 86 15,807 09 16,978 23 17,837 24 20,!»i5 25 22,507 45 30,749 60 27,909 73 29,770 40 30,461 04 24,611 37 Amount paid over to Treasurt^r of Agricultural College. $3,279 89 2,976 00 6,774 47 12,238 48 11,896 00 14,656 00 18,817 89 15,172 86 13,320 61 16,602 03 17,799 15 20,451 85 25,891 62 26,139 13 27.403 94 29,599 97 29,9-'0 68 19,761 06 Balance remaining to credit of Agiicultural College Interest Fund at close of each fiscal year. 5809 84 1,211 02 31 60 3,197 58 1,987 73 2,486 48 2,862 6» 2,900 77 3,384 17 4,610 47 5,117 25- 5.287 68 5,828 04 10,678 35 * This amount was interest on war bounty bonds in which the f and was invested at the time. § $525 of this was interest on war bounty bonds in which the fund was invested part of the year. + Refundings amounted to $352.27, rangintj from nothintc in 1880 and since to $145.21 in 1874. Ap- praisal expenses amounted to $1,045.13, ranging from ndtliing in 1872 to $208.94 In 1886. Advertising amounted to $688.39, ranging from nothing in 1870 to 5218.35 in 1884. Trespass examination amounted to $4.(iO in 188;^. $ Nine months. 16 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE LAND. Table No. 12.— Showing, by Counties, the amount of Agricultural College Land sold at Original Sale for the nine months ending June 30, 1887. Counties. Alcona Alcona Alcona Alcona Cheboygan Grand Traverse Iosco Manistee Manistee Montmorency... Oscoda Oscoda Presque Isle Wexford "Wexford Total Acres. 87.60 80.00 40.00 80.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 160.00 40.00 160.00 510.67 160.00 40.00 200.00 40.00 1,718.27 Price, $5 00 7 GO 8 00 10 00 500 10 00 5 00 10 00 13 50 5 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 6 00 7 CO ,$6 45 Amount. $4-38 00 560 00 320 00 800 00 200 00 400 00 200 00 1,600 00 500 00 800 00 3,553 35 960 00 280 00 1,200 00 280 00 811,091 35 Amount Paid. $259 50 560 00 320 00 800 00 50 00 400 00 200 00 1,600 00 500 00 800 00 1,543 80 780 00 70 00 1,3C0 00 70 00 $9,152 30 Amount Due. - $178 50 150 00 1,010 55 180 00 210 00 210 00 $1,939 05 Table No. 13. — Showing, by Counties, the Amount of Forfeited Agricultural College Land sold for tlie nine months ending June 30, 1SS7. Counties. Cheboygan. Cheboj'gan Oran Traverse Manistee Wexford Total Acres. 80.00 80.00 40.00 40.00 80.00 320.00 Price. $3 00 5 CO 7 00 5 00 6 00 $5 00 Amount. $240 00 400 00 280 00 200 00 480 00 $1,600 00 Amount Paid. $120 00 400 00 280 00 200 00 480 00 $1,480 00 Amount Due. $120 00 $120 00 COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. ir 'Table No. 14. — Showing, by Counties, ihe Amount of Agricultural College Land For- feited to the State during the nine Months ending June 30, 1887. Counties. Acres. Benzie 40.00 Cheboygan 40.00 Manistee 40.00 Wexford 80.00 Total 200.00 Table No. 15.- -Shounng, by Counties, the Amount of Agriculttiral College Land Vacant June 30, 1887. (■1 Counties. Acres. Alcona . 21,713 07 Alpena 960 00 Antrim 3,120 93 Benzie 4,440 00 •Charlevoix 3,605 09 Cheboygan 5,051 10 Grand Traverse 360 00 Iosco . ....... 26,794 97 Kalkaska 1,000 68 Manistee 5,960 00 Missaukee 799 64 Montmorency 7,444 30 Oscoda . 14,090 13 Otsego 3,704 74 Presquelsle 360 00 Wexford 23,000 00 Total - 122,404 64 s 18 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. ; UMMARY OF INVENTORY, JUNE 30, 1887. College farm and park, 676 acres @ $70... $47,320 OO BuUdings— College hall. -.- $15,000 00 Williams hall 45,000 00 Wells hall 25,000 00 Library and museum buUding 25,000 00 Chemical laboratory 18,000 00 Botanical laboratory 6,000 00 Mechanical laboratory 7,800 00 Veterinary laboratory.. 5,400 00 Armory and assembly hall 6,000 00 Farm house 3,500 00 Four brick houses @ $3,000 12,000 00 Two brick houses @ $3,500 7,000 00 President's and two frame houses 20,728 00 One frame house 4,000 00 Herdsman's house - 600 00 Ten barns at Professors' houses @ $250 2,500 00 Horticultural barn and shed 1 ,100 00 Cattle barn and shed 3,400 00 Sheep barn.... 2,500 00 Horse barn.... 3,000 00 Piggery.... 2,000 00 Brick work-shop 600 00 Corn-house 500 00 Green-house 9,500 00 Feed barn... 1,150 00 Grain barn 1,600 00 Tool-house 1,300 00 Observatory 150 00 Boiler-house and fixtures 5,000 00 Bee-house 280 00 285,608 06' Water-works 4,690 00 Artesian well and connections 1,000 00 Steam works — Four boilers® $600 $2,400 00 Underground piping 2,700 00 Pipes and fittings 495 53 Tools for steam fitting. 302 02 5,897 55 Ten fire extinguishers.. 400 00 Fuel on hand 300 00 Ice tools and pile-hammer 43 00 Farm Department— Cattle $14,080 00 Horses ....L 1,150 00 Sheep.... -. - 805 00 Swine-... - 245 00 Implements, produce, etc 6,014 62 Horticultural Department— 22,294 62 Team, harness, etc $295 50 Tools. 614 50 Vegetable garden 236 75 Office - 29 85 Compost and manure 60 00 Miscellaneous 45 25 Green-house — 1,281 85 Plants and implements $6,370 70 Furnaces 300 00 Mechanical Department — 6,670 70 Tools in wood shop.. $789 99 Tools in iron shop. 2,977 06 Stock for repairs 210 50 Physical apparatus 735 68 4,713 23 Footing carried forward $330,218 95- COLLEGE ACCOUNTS. 19 INVENTORY. Brought forward. $330,318 95 Chemical Department — Furniture and fixtures $451 50 Physical apparatus 6,501 50 Chemical apparatus and chemicals -. 4,867 75 11,820 76 Mathematical and Engineering Department — Surveying instruments, etc --. $1,222 20 Telescope, magic lantern and views - -- 1,179 00 2,401 20 Botanical Department — Museum $4,145 00 Microscopes and other apparatus 1,961 32 Furniture and fixtures 77 35 6,183 67 Library — Books and pamphlets $18,550 00 Furniture-. -. 1,295 50 19,845 50 General museum — Collections and cases .- 11,850 00 College Hall -Furniture 946 50 Williams Hall— Furniture 125 00 Secretary's office 396 00 President's office 223 00 Apiary — Bees, stock and apparatus 627 00 Armory — Furniture and military equipments _ 399 50 Flag-staff and flags..... 200 00 $385,237 07 A SUMMARY OF THE RESOURCES OF THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Farm, buildings and equipments, as per above inventory $385,237 07 Agricultural College trust fund, from sale of lands of United States grant. 328,065 20 Balance due on purchase money " " " " 120,284 04 122,404.64 acres @ $5 per acre yet unsold " - " 612,023 20 880 acres @ $5 per acre yet unsold of swamp land grant 4,400 00 Total. ■ $1,450,009 51 The present amonnt of the trust fund is taken from the last line (that for 1887) of the fifth column of table No. 10, page 15. The balance due on purchase money is reported by the Commissioner of the State Land Office, and consists of the total amount for which the Col- lege lands have been sold up to the present time, i. e.: The total of the tenth column in table No. 9, page 14 $479,244 72 Less the payments made on these sales, constituting the trust fund 328,065 20 $151,179 52 And less balances unpaid on abandoned descriptions which have reverted to the State by forfeiture for non-payment of interest, as shown in column eleven of Table No. 9, page 14.. 30,895 48 $120,284 04 The 122,404.64 acres vet vacant of the U. S. land grant are given in detail as located in the different counties in table ISTo. 15, page 17. The 880 acres of swamp land is what still remains unsold of a grant from the State to the College of swamp lands located in the townships of Lansing and Meridian in Ingham county, and Bath and De Witt in Clinton county. 20 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Table No. 16. — Income of the Agricultural College from all sources, from the date of its foundation to the present time. From State Legislature. Interest from United States Land Grant. Year. Appropriations for Current Expenses. Appropriations for Special Purposes. Land Sales, Salt Spring and Swamp Land Grants. Total. 1855 $56,320 00 $56,320 00 1856 1857 $40,000 00 40,000 00 1858 1859 37,500 00 37,500 00 1860 1861 6,500 00 10,000 00 9,000 00 9,000 00 15,000 00 15,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 18,250 00 18,250 00 21,796 00 13,000 00 7,638 00 7,638 00 6,150 00 6,150 00 4,971 80 4,971 80 7,249 00 7,249 00 8,385 00 8,385 00 153 35 218 97 407 80 726 09 1,156 61 1,094 27 7,608 38 593 49 17,559 00 1,320 03 4,135 73 217 05 10 13 150 13 . 144 53 1,773 09 979 06 836 60 712 22 797 55 461 95 358 46 391 95 1,359 90 187 50 6,653 25 10,218 97 9,407 80 9,726 09 16.156 61 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 16,094 27 1867 27.608 38 1868 20,593 49 1869 830,000 00 ' $58 96 2,720 93 3,785 84 7,175 65 11,059 06 14,061 98 14,446 14 16,830 17 15,173 86 15 807 09 16,978 33 17,837 34 20,935 35 33,507 45 30,749 60 27,909 72 29,770 40 29,920 68 t 19,761 06 67,617 96 24,040 95 36,671 .56 1870 1871. 10,500 00 3,000 00 15,602 OO 15,602 00 7,755 50 6,755 50 30,686 80 5,686 80 16,068 32 7,068 33 43,720 50 8,945 50 23,793 00 10,526 00 35,103 00 22,617 00 * 44,040 00 1872 28,643 70 48 467 19 1873 1874 42,814 11 1875 29,984 17 1876 32,996 76 1877 52,988 73 28,470 49 1878 38.730 56 1880 30 674 91 1881 73,366 70 1883 39,060 41 63,319 55 1884 48 080 62 65,060 90 1886 53,537 68 1887 + 198 20 63 999 36 Total S363,083 60 $337,470 24 $99,759 92 8317,488 30 81,116,803 06 * Including appropriations of $5,437.50 for weather service and $1,000.00 for forestry commission. + Oct. 1, 1886, to June 30, 1887, nine months. SUGAR BOUNTY. 21 BOUNTY OK MANUFACTUEE OF SUGAR. In December, 1886, Mr. Daniel Eoot, of Hudson, Mich., submitted the following statement of the amount and process of manufacture of sugar from sorghum cane: — " In the spring of 1885 I planted thirty-five acres to amber cane. It was planted and tilled in the same manner as corn. By the 20th of September, at which time the cane was cut, it was not well matured, owing to the backward season. The canes with the leaves on were passed between rollers in the ordi- nary way. Before putting the juice into the evaporating pan it was treated with milk of lime to neutralize its natural acid. The juice was then brought to a boil and skimmed, and after standing ten or fifteen minutes to settle was drawn into the evaporating pan. Here sulphurous acid was added to neutralize any possible excess of lime. If the juice was intended for syrup it was boiled till it reached a temperature of 228° Fah., and if for sugar to 234° Fah. ''I manufactured 5,000 gallons of syrup. During the winter much of this syrup crystallized, and the following summer the melada or candied portion of the syrup was separated in a centrifugal machine and yielded 10,875 pounds of sugar; this, together with what we made the previous fall, made a total of 12,135 pounds of sugar like that sent to you for analysis. " DANIEL ROOT." Mr. Boot's affidavit to the above statement and the certificate of Dr. R. 0. Kedzie that the sample of sugar sent for testing contained 97 per cent of crystallizable sugar are both on file in this office. By resolution of the State Board of Agriculture Mr. Eoot was declared entitled to bounty as provided by the following enactment : — AN ACT TO ENCOURAGE THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR. 1881, Act 268. Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact. That aU companies or corpcr- rations formed or that may be formed for the purpose of cultivating and growing sugar cane, cornstalks or beets and the manufacturing of sugar from the same, and any and all individuals engaged or that may be engaged in such culture and manufacture shall be entitled and subject to the provisions of this act. Sec. 2. All buildings or machinery used for the pur^jose mentioned in section one of this act shall be exempt from taxation, for the term of five years, from the first day of January, eighteen hundred and eighty-two. Sec. 3. The State board of agriculture shall direct their secretary to receive reports- of results, and said secretary shall collect such reports, and the process by which such results are obtained in the culture of sugar cane, cornstalks and beets and the manu- facturing of sugar from the same, and report the same in full to the board, and said board shall incorporate the same in their annual report. Sec, 4. There ^lall be paid from the treasury of the State, as bounty to any individ- ual, company or corporation, upon the report and determination of the board of agri- culture, as provided for in section tlnree, the sum of two dollars for each and every hundred pounds of merchantable sucrose sugar manufactured by said individual, com- pany or corporation in this State from sugar cane, cornstalks or beets grown therein, and said bounty shall be paid upon each year's results for the term of five years from the first day of January, eighteen hundred and eighty-two, to all individuals, corpora- tions or companies entitled to the same under the provisions of this act : Provided^ 22 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. That the person receiving such bounty shall make a report to the State board of agricult- ure, duly verified, of all the parts of the process employed in the manufacture of such sugar, together with a definite statement of the yield : And provided further, That it shall contain at least 80 per cent crystallized sugar, as determined by the polariscope, under the direction of the State board of agriculture. The period covered by the above act has now expired. Since its enact- ment Mr. Root of Hudson has been the only person who has made appli- cation for the bounty thus offered by the State. During the past five years he has applied for and received bounty as follows : Year. Lbs; Bounty. 1882 3,100 ,000 13,135 $42 00 130 00 1884 1886 243 70 The following letters from Mr. Koot will be of interest : Hudson, Mich., October 26, 1887. Henry G. Reynolds, Agricultural College, Mich.: Dear Sir, — Yours of the 22d at hand. I shall continue to make sorghum sugar more or less, and it will pay without the bounty when we have a good season for cane or corn — especially so when we use the new process of washing out the sweet instead of rolling it out of the cane. By the new process we get all, or nearly all, of the sweet there is in the cane, whereas the best roller miUs only get one-third. Yours truly, DANIEL ROOT. Hudson, Mich. , November 10, 1887. Secretary H. G. Reynolds, Agricultural College, Mich. : Dear Sir, — In reply to yours of 28th ult. : A good corn season is a good cane season. We have never made any sugar from corn stalks. The juice of the corn stalks, when the ears are in the dough stage, or just before the kernels harden, is_n early or quite as sweet as that of amber cane, but it will not yield as many gallons per acre. Some varieties of corn are more juicy and sweeter than others. When we get our diffusion plant in operation I will give you a full description of it. It will be on a smaller scale than the one used this year with such good results, at Fort Scott, Kansas. The process of diffusion is to slice the cane into thin chips, then run these chips into a battery of ten or a dozen cells, each of which holds about one ton. The cells are filled at the top, and, when the sweet is all extracted, discharged at thp bottom. The cells can be closed water tight, and are connected with pipes to run warm water in at the top and out at the bottom, and thence into the top of the next cell, and so on through the battery. Upon issuing from the last cell the water contains nearly as great a proportion of sweet as does the juice from a roller mill, and it is then run into tanks for defecation. When a cell has all the sweet washed out, it is disconnected from the rest of the sys- tem, the water forced out of it by compressed air, and the chips discharged. It is SUGAR BOUNTY. 23 then refilled and again connected with the next cell. The pipes are fitted with valves, so that the water runs on through the remaining cells when one is disconnected for discharging and refilling. A battery having a capacity for 150 to 300 tons of cane per day would cost, with the slicing machinery, about $10,000. Of course a smaller battery would cost less. Yours truly, DANIEL ROOT. The last report of the United States Department of Agriculture, that for 1886, has, on pages 303 to 341, an account of the government experiments in the manufacture of sorghum sugar, at Fort Scott, Kansas. Any one interested in the subject can obtain a copy by applying to the member of Congress from his district. In the body of this volume will be found a reprint of an article on this subject, by Dr. H. W. Wiley, the chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture, taken from the proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science for 1887. DEPARTME]SrT REPORTS. REPORT OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. To the Honorable State Board of Agriculture : I liave the honor to submit my third report. My first was from July I,. 1885, the date of my assumption of duties at this college, to September 30, the end of that fiscal year. My second was for the full fiscal year 1885-6 ; and this, in consequence of a change by law of the fiscal year, will cover the time from September 30, 1886, to June 30, 1887. Since my last report there has been but little change to chronicle. The work on the farm and garden and in the class-rooms and laboratories has been eminently successful. The total attendance for the year numbered 323. The dormitories were crowded, with three in a room in all cases where personal affiliations and the size of the room would permit, and some new rooms were extemporized in the other buildings on the grounds. The students have been patient, hoping for better accommodations as soon as the new dormitory shall be completed. The buildings are all in good repair, the dormitories in a decidedly improved condition. A new hard wood floor has been laid in the two upper stories of Williams Hall, and the corridors of both halls have been calcimined and the wood work painted, so that the general appearance of the halls is brighter and neater. I wish to note the fact that the students have so far appreciated the improvement of their quarters as to take much better care of them. During the year there has been no reckless damage done, and the ordinary wear and tear has been reduced to a minimum. In my weekly inspection of the buildings I have found but two pencil marks on the walls. When it is considered that at no time has there been less than 120 students in one, or 130 in the other, dormitory, the foregoing record is sufficient testimony of the good order of the students. What is true in the dormitories is true on the- grounds and in the other buildings. Not a single case of injury to property has occurred, nor a single " mad prank " to annoy the executive. The vol- untary attendance at the daily chapel exercises has so far increased as to some- times test the capacity of the chapel, and the attendance on the Sunday Bible classes and the meetings of the Young Men's Christian Association has been satisfactory. The going to the city has become less frequent, being on the average considerably less than once a week, and the relations of the students with the police officers have so far improved that there is no con- flict or trouble of any kind. In other words, the general demeanor of the- students has been that of gentlemen. KEPORT OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 25 The old physical laboratory in the corridor of old College Hall has been removed, so that by opening the slide doors the whole corridor can be used with the chapel, thereby adding to the latter an increased capacity of one- third for public exercises, and largely facilitating the daily college work. Hydrants have been placed at all sewers adjacent to the dormitories and out- houses, so that the daily slops of the students' and club rooms are constantly flushed away. A student is detailed to each^dormitory whose daily duty it is to pick up and rake away all refuse matter that might accumulate in the vicinity, and to sweep out the outhouses, and once a week to mop the latter. The result is that at no time is there an accumulation of decaying or offensive matter to breed disease or annoy the senses. THE HEALTH OF THE COLLEGE. I speak of these facts only for the reason that since my last report the col- lege has been afflicted with a malarial fever that showed some typhoid char- acteristics, and I desire to place on record the fact that in no degree can it be charged to the want of the ordinary sanitary precautions for which the college authorities may reasonably be held responsible. The illness above noted took us by surprise, as the college had been distinguished for its healthy location. It was manifest that there was some cause for this sudden affliction. While it was true that the illness was not more prevalent than in the villages and cities of the State, still our location was such that we felt that it should be less. An investigation soon demonstrated in a measure the cause. The water for drinking and domestic purposes was obtained only from surface wells, and what with the long months of dry weather and the large increase of students and other people connected with the college, they ran low, and several became dry. This state of things was aggravated by the exceptional number of picnic parties which during the season had occupied the grounds, some numbering as high as 200, who kept the only remaining well in lively use all day. The result was that when night came the water was low and turbid, and the students went thirty rods with their pitchers to a well which had always been pure, and was not in such constant use. This well was found unhealthy, and was at once dismantled. During the year two of our students died, one from the fever and the other from other causes. All the remainder got well, and most of them reported last spring in good health and spirits. But the experience was a grave one, and the situation a source of great anxiety. It was manifest that the water supply was not wholesome and was entirely inadequate to the increasing demand, and that nothing short of AN" ARTESIAN WELL AND WATER-WORKS would place us beyond a danger that no care, however constant and earnest, could wholly obviate. It might be years again before a like concurrence of causes would bring to us like results, but the fact that we were liable to them at any time was a source of solicitude. An appeal was made to the Legisla- ture last winter, and that body without hesitation gave us $1,000 for an artesian well and 12,000 to extend the water-works'. The well has been bored and at the depth of 343 feet an abuadant supply of wholesome water was obtained, pronounced such by the chemical department after repeated analyses, of a constant temperature of 50^ degrees, and which flows at the 4 ■26 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. surface. The bore is a six inch one, and the well has been piped 90 feet to the rock, so that there is no possibility of baing affected by surface water. Our largest pump has be«n tried and the supply is adequate for fire purposes without a tank. We feel, therefore, no apprehension for the future supply of good water for the largest demands, and that the future health of the institution is assured. ADDITIOJfAL HELP Ilf THE DEPARTMENTS. With the increase of students it soon became manifest that additional assistance was necessary. In the several departments the following were employed : In English, Prof. H. E. Pattengill, for many years principal and instructor in the public schools of the State, and editor and proprietor of the "School Modei*ator," has proved himself an acquisition to our corps of instructors; in Mathematics, Joseph B. Cotton ; in Botany, Edward E,. Lake; in Entomology, etc., Clarence P. Gillette; in Agriculture, Hiram T. Erench; in Chemistry, Philip B. Woodworth; and in Drawing, Will S. Holdsworth; the last six all graduates of our college, and all in their repective specialties, young men of zeal and promise. Their work has been ■eminently satisfactory. Since the establishment of the Mechanical Department, Mr. Wiseman, who was simply an engineer before that, became in addition foreman of the iron shop, and Mr. Hiscock, who was fireman, has become engineer, and another man as fireman has been employed. Mr. Mohn, for many years college carj)enter, became in addition foreman of the wood shop. Mr. Mohn resigned last winter, and Mr. H. Campbell, for some time engaged in the Pullman shops at Detroit, was employed to take his place. As instruct- ors in the shop, both Mr. Wiseman and Mr. Campbell (as did Mr. Mohn) have done extremely well, proving themselves patient and efficient. The qualities required in their respective positions must necessarily be of a higher grade than that of a mechanic merely, and they ought to command a salary commensurate with the duties imposed upon them. Mr. Wiseman's claims have, in a manner, been recognized, but Mr. Campbell still awaits his advance, which it is hoped the board will soon find the means to give. Other assistance has been rendered in special classes by students in the senior class, and I ought not to fail to note the very efficient services of Henry W. Baird, the assistant secretary, who taught book-keeping. He did his work with such acceptance that it is to be hoped that he may be perma- nently assigned to that branch. Professor Lewis McLouth, since my last report, has been tendered and has accepted the presidency of the Dakota Agricultural college. He resigned his position here May 15, last, and at once entered upon his new duties. His loss will be felt in the State. From his long connection with its ■educational interests he was widely known, and wherever known he was respected for his abilities. It was a matter of great regret that we consented to let him go. His zeal for the new department of Mechanic Arts was so strong that great expectations were based upon his labors and influence in its behalf. The question of a successor to Prof. McLouth has been happily solved by the appointment of Lieut. William E. Durand, of the United States navy, a graduate of the Naval Academy, who has resigned to accept this position. REPORT OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 27 'The course at the Naval Academy is so nearly, in many of its features, like that of our mechanical course, as I found when I visited the institution two years ago, that Prof. Durand will come to us with the skill and acquirements necessary to build up the department. Moreover, he conies to us after three years' detail under United States statute to mechanical institutions, and comes directly from Worcester Institute, one of the most renowned in the country. He has therefore had the experience in teaching which is essential to success as an instructor. THE APPEOPKIATIONS. The Legislature gave us $10,000 for a new dormitory for about sixty stu- dents, and $10,000 for an apartment building or buildings for the assistant professors and instructors and their families, and for the military instructor and the Signal Service officer. As the present dormitories are to a consider- able extent occupied by these instructors, the rooms vacated by them, with the new dormitory, will enable us to accommodate from seventy-five to one hundred more students, so that we can catalogue four hundred. From present appearances both buildings will be fully occupied as soon as con- structed. We were given $5,000 for a horticultural laboratory, which will enable us to construct one of the finest and best appointed in the United States. This will place that department on a basis commensurate with the standing of this college, and with the importance of fruit culture in this State. We were given $3,000 for an extension of the shops, and $1,500 for two new boilers, both rendered necessary to fully equip the Mechanical department. This will enable us, by giving us shop room, systematically to assign for stated periods when other work cannot be done, the students in the agricultural course to shop work, a demand that I referred to in my last report. This will fill out the time of required manual labor which is the • distinguishing feature of this college, by utilizing in the shop the seasons of the year when work cannot be done on the farm or garden or grounds. Thus it will be seen that in the last four years there have been placed on an independent basis the Veterinary, Mechanical, Military and Horticultural departments, all with their laboratories, shops and drill hall; and this completes the round of development necessary to equip all the departments required by the land grant act of 1862. I need only to add that the college now stands in its equipment and morale, without a superior of its kind in the United States, recognized as such at home and abroad. But institutions should never stand still ; like individuals, when they cease to grow there soon appear elements of decay. With added years come netv • demands, and to keep abreast of the age every college must be alive to the new want. When first founded agricultural colleges were essentially educa- tional. The land grant of 1862 was primarily for educational purposes. The importance of experimental work was but incidentally recognized. As years passed the importance of this work became more apparent, and efforts in that line were made, but being subject to the leading purpose of the college, the educational, the efforts were sporadic and unsatisfactory. It was found, moreover, that experiments were costly, and the funds could not be spared from the current expenses of the college already stocked for educa- tional work. Eecognizing these facts, it was determined to appeal to Congress to supplement the endowment of 1862, whose leading purpose, as before stated, was instruction, by an annual appropriation of $15,000 for each col- 28 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. lege which should be exclusively devoted to experiments in agriculture and' cognate sciences. Efforts had been made in the Forty-eighth Congress, but they failed. It was not till the Forty-ninth Congress that a systematic and successful movement was made. July 8, 1885, a convention of all the agri- cultural colleges in the United States was held in Washington and a united effort was initiated to present the matter to the Forty-ninth Congress, to assemble the following December. Being on the committee appointed by that convention, I spent seven weeks in Washington in December and January, 1885-6, and ten days last winter. The first session the bill, as we- matured it, was gotten through the committees of both houses, and there it remained for the second session. The chances were slim for its passage amid the overwhelming mass of unfinished legislation and the conflicting interests incident to the wants of a great country. But by dint of hard work it passed the Senate in a mutilated form and went to the House of Representatives, where, near the close of the session, under suspension of the rules, and there- fore without chance for amendment, it passed by an overwhelming vote and went to the President, who signed it March 2, 1887. The following is a copy of the act as passed : THE HATCH BILL. [Fall text of the Experiment Station Bill as enacted by Congress and approved by the President.} AN ACT to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several States under [the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and of i^he acts supplementary thereto. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agri- cultural science, there shall be established, under direction of the college or colleges, or agricultural department of colleges, in each State or territory established, or which may hereafter be established in accordance with the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled " An act donating public lands to the several States and territories which may provide colleges for the beueflt of agriculture and the mechanic arts," or any of the supplements to said act, a department to be known and designated as an " agricultural experiment station:" Provided^ That in any State or territory in which two such colleges have been or may be so established, the appropriation hereinafter made to such State or territory hall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the Legislature of such State or territory shall otherwise direct. Sec. 3. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify the experiments on the physiology of plants and animals ; the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same ; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth ; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pur- sued under a varying series of crops ; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analy- sis of soils and water ; the chemical composition of manures, natural or artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants ; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals ; the scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and cheese ; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying con- ditions and needs of the respective States or territories. Sec. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity of methods and results in the work of said stations it shall be the duty of the United States commissioner of agriculture to fur- nish forms, as far as practicable, for the tabulation of results of investigation or experiments ; to indicate, from time to time, such lines of inquiry as to him shall seem most important ; and in general, to furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote the purposes of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before the first day of February, to make to the Governor of the State or territory in which it is located, a full and detailed report of its operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures," a copy of which report shall be REPORT OF PRESIDENT WILLITS. 29 sent to each of said stations, to the said commissioner of agriculture, and to the secretary of the treasury of the United States. Sec. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be published at said stations at least once la three months, one copy of which shall be sent to each newspaper in the States and territories in which they are respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged in farming as may request the same, and as far as the means of the station will permit. Such bulletins or reports, and the annual reports of said stations, shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States free •of charge for postage, under such regulations as the postmaster general may from time to time prescribe. Sec. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses of conducting investigations and experiments, and printing and distributing the results as hereinbefore prescribed, the sum of : $15,000 is hereby appropriated to each State to be specially provided for by Congress in the appropria- tions from year to year, and to each territory entitled under the provisions of section eight of this act, out of any money in the treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal ■ quarterly payments on the first day of January, April, July and October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive the same, the first payment to be made on the first day of October, 1887 : Provided, however. That out of the first annual appropriation so received by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be •expended in the erection, enlargement or repair of a building or buildings necessary for carrying on the work of such station ; and thereafter an amount not exceeding five per centum, of such annual appropriation may be so expended. Sec. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the secretary of the treasury from the annual statement of receipts and expenditures of any of said stations, that a portion of the preceding annual appro- priation remains unexpended, such amount shall be deducted from the next succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order that the amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and necessarily required for its maintenance and support. Sec. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or modify the legal relation existing between any of the said colleges and the government of the States or territories in which they are respectively located. Sec. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this section to the benefits of this act, and having also agricultural experiment stations established by law separate from said colleges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations so established by such States; and in case any State shall have established, under the provisions of said act of July second, aforesaid, an agricultural department or experimental station in connection with any university, college or institution not distinctively an agricultural college or school, and such State shall have established, or shall hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected therewith an experimental farm or station, the Legislature of such State may apply in whole or in part the appropriation by this act made to such separate agricultural college or school ; and no Legislature shall, by contract express or implied, disable itself from so doing. Sec. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the Legislative assent of the several States and territories to the purpose of said grants: Provided, That payments of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of its legislature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the Governor thereof duly certified to the secretary of the treasury. Sec. 10. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as binding the United States to continue any payments from tiie treasury to any or all the States or institutions mentioned in this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspsnd or repeal any or all of the provisions of this act. The bill as originally drafted by the committee, and which was called the Hatch bill for the reason that Mr. Hatch was the very efficient chairman of the committee on agriculture in the House, carried the annual appropriation in the bill itself. But in the three days' discussion in the Senate the whole bill was sadly mutilated, not from intent, but from a desire to harmonize sundry conflicting demands. Among other things, it was thought best that this law should be no exception to the general rule, which is that all expendi- tures shall be specifically appropriated annually by Congress; hence the words " to be specially provided for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year" were inserted in the fifth section. By accident the word "hereafter" was not incorporated in the amendment. It was supposed that the specific appropriation made in the preceding words would carry the appro- ..tions for the first year, and the intent was that only hereafter should the 30 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. amount be in the regular appropriation bill. Mr. Hatch did not discover the error in the haste of the closing session (I was not present, the college then being in session), and the omission was not noticed till after Congress adjourned. The comptroller of the treasury holds that the money is not appropriated. But the law is the law of the land, and under it we have the claim for the $15,000 a year as completely as any United States official for his salary. The matter will need looking after, however, and it is to be hoped that we shall not only at the next session of Congress obtain the appropriation for next year, but as a deficiency for this year. We shall know by the opening of the next spring what the fate of this year's appro- priation may be in time for the initiation of the work. This act, if rendered efficient by the requisite appropriations, opens up a wide field of usefulness for the college, which should be maturely considered and systematically entered upon. The second section of the act gives the scope of the experiments. The details of a plan for the work will in due time be presented to you for your consideration. All the heads of depart- ments of the college relating to agriculture are studying the subject and will in the plan submit suggestions. Before concluding, I feel that I ought to add a few words in commending the very valuable services of our secretary, Henry G. Reynolds. The wisdom of his appointment has been demonstrated. A thorough book-keeper, he has kept all the complicated accounts and the different funds in such a state of daily accuracy as to show at any moment their true standing. As our purchasing agent he has been conservative, economical and firm in his adminis- tration. Being a graduate of the college, he knows thoroughly all its wants, and has been of great assistance to us all, and to me especially. He is popular with the students and with the alumni. He is a hard worker, and keeps well in hand all the details of the business part of the institution. With him standing guard over the finances, we need not fear the closest scrutiny at any moment. In conclusion I have only to add my gratitude for the continued hearty support of the board and the facultv. EDWIN WILLITS. June 30, 1887. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE AND SUPERINTENDENT OF THE FARM. To the President of the College: Deak Sir, — I herewith submit my report of the work of the Agricultural Department for the nine months ending June 30, 1887: INSTRUCTION. The whole number who have received instruction in Practical Agriculture during the time covered by this report is as follows: Freshmen, 71; Sophomores, 60. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 31 INSTITUTES. I was assigned to Three Oj,ks and Fremont Center in the arranging of the State Institutes, and at the request of the local committees I attended tha Howell Institute, the Short Horn Breeders' meeting in Jackson, the annual meetings of the State Associations of Holstein and Short Horn Breeders and the Dairymen's Convention at Flint, and presented papers at all of these meetings. I attended the National Fat Stock Show held in Chicago in November, and was delegated to attend the meeting of the Consolidated Cattle Growers' Association held at the same date. THE TEACHEKS OF AGKICULTUKE. This association met at Champaign, Ills. There was a fair attendance and a pleasant meeting. The next meeting will be held at Columbia, Mo. DONATIONS. Donations are acknowledged from the following persons and firms: Albion spring-tooth cultivator and broadcast seeder, from the Albion Man- ufacturing Company, Albion, Mich. ; potato furrower and cultivator, from C. L. Davis, Filer City, Mich. ; one barrel extra fine dairy salt, from C. F. Moore, St. Clair, Mich. ; one bag dairy salt, from Genesee Salt Company ; Vol. 2 American Shropshire Record, from Mortimer Levering, Lafavette, Ind. • PEEMANENT IMPEOVEMENTS. Among the permanent improvements authorized by the Board of Agricult- ure may be mentioned a new double silo, to be located on the north side of the cattle barn, with a capacity of 150 tons. There is to be a six-feet base- ment wall, with opening into the feed room on a level with the stable. On this wall a frame will be placed, using 2x13 joists, 16 feet long, for studding. These will be covered with inch boards — first thickness placed horizontally and the second up and down, with tarred paper between. Our ensilage from the experimental silo used last winter and spring was the best we have ever had ; and all we have said of its value as a stock food, in combination with other foods, is confirmed by every additional year of trial. We built our first silo in 1881, and those interested will find in our annual reports our conclusions as to the value of this system of preserving fodder. Another permanent and much needed improvement will be the replacing of the old bridge over the Cedar river (which we have considered unsafe for two years past) with a low truss iron bridge. EXPEEIMENTS. We have continued the experiment of feeding steers of different breeds^ a full report of which will be found in Bulletin No. 24, published in this volume. 33 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. On account of the change of time for making the annual report from September 30 to June 30, a report of the field experiments is necessarily deferred. As to our future plans for farm experiments, it seems to me wise to continue for some years the feeding experiments with cattle, and I respectfully recommend that measures be adopted to secure specimens of different breeds of sheep and swine, as well as of cattle for such experimental feeding. The dairy interests are coming to be more and more prominent in our State. Their importance is generally conceded, and I recommend that in planning our experimental work for the coming year, they receive a fair share of attention. The growing of a sufficient acreage of some of the grasses and clovers that have not been tested here in actual feeding, to make such a trial possi- ble, is also suggested, as well as the testing of a mixture of grasses and clovers for pernianent pasture, to compare with those we now have that have never been plowed, but are covered with a thick sward of June grass and white clover. This question of the value of permanent pastures is an importan one, especially to us, as we have from sixty to eighty acres that annually yield a large amount of nutritious grasses; but the surface is uneven, and the ques- tion has been shall we plow, cultivate and level, and make the field more inviting to the eye, but at the expense for years of the yield and quality of its grass product. I have submitted this question to quite a number of our leading farmers, and their advice, almost without exception, has been in favor of retaining the old permanent sward. Grass is coming to be of more and more importance in our agriculture, and the testing of new sorts to determine their adaptability to our soil and cli- mate, and their value in the production of beef and dairy products, is work in the right direction, and must eventually result in greatly increasing the carrying capacity of our fields. THE THIED ANNUAL SALE OF CATTLE was held on March 23. The weather was propitious, the attendance large, embracing many of our leading breeders, and the bidding spirited, especially on some of the younger animals. The average prices realized were fully up to our expectations, and the kindly feeling of the cattle men present attested to their interest in and appreciation of the efforts made to develop and improve the college herds. There is, I think, no doubt in the minds of the members of the Board of Agriculture of the success of these sales, not alone in disposing of the surplus stock, but also in attracting the attention of many of the citizens of our State who would not be likely to know much of us if not called here by a public occasion of this sort. They come to the cattle sale, they see the college and learn something of its educational work, its aims and what it purports to be. We must use every means to enlist the attention and the hearty support of the farmers in this college which was organized and is to live and prosper only as it is true to their interests in tangible and intel- ligent forms. The following is a list of the animals sold, purchasers and prices paid: — REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE. 33 Purchaser. Short Horns: William Steele.. William Steele. . S. S. Olds Am.os Wood S. O. Bush A. McNorton C. R. Palmer Geo. B.Clark.... James Turner ... S. R. Crittenden. A. Sherwood James Turner . . . A. Sherwood J. Shultz A. Harlow Isaac Bar wise ... Williami Steele.. James Turner... James Turner... J. Shultz A. Sherwood A. Sherwood W. J. Barto Geo. B.Clark.... William Steele. .. Prof. A. J. Cook. Herefords : William Steele Sotham & Stickney. William Steele William Steele Sotham & Stickney . HOLSTEIN : S. Miller . Post-offlce Address. Ionia, Mich Ionia, Mich Lansing, Mich Mason, Mich Battle Creek, Mich... Port Huron, Mich Napoleon, Mich Vernon, Mich Lansing, Mich Saline, Mich Three Oaks, Mich Lansing, Mich Three Oaks, Mich.... Lansing, Mich Watertown, Mich Rochester, Mich Ionia, Mich Lansing, Mich Lansing, Mich Lansing, Mich Three Oaks, Mich Three Oaks, Mich Saginaw, Mich Vernon, Mich Ionia, Mich Agricultural College. Ionia, Mich Pontiac, Mich. Ionia, Mich Ionia, Mich Pontiac, Mich. Lansing, Mich. Name of Animal. Susie Bates , College Susie 2d , College Phcenix 2d College Phoenix 3d College Derwent2d College Acomb2d Hamlet 8th College Airdrie2d , Victoria Duchess 4th Col. Page 4th Hebe 2d Jennie Baldwin Boulanger Baron of Turlington 5th Roan Acomb2d Sir Dennis College Duchess 2d Coll. Vict. Duchess 4th College Rose 2d R'n Duch. of Crow Farm 2d Hela 8th Hela Di Vernon Heroine 7th Coll. Peri Duchess 4th College Derwent Total Average. College Horace. Argyle Dove 3d Dove 2d College Grove.. Total Average. College Tecumseh Total of sale.. Total average Price. $170 00 80 00 70 00 70 00 100 00 130 00 55 00 75 00 155 00 40 00 75 00 170 00 80 00 100 00 105 00 90 00 255 00 150 00 125 00 200 00 85 00 90 00 105 00 55 00 300 00 250 00 $3,180 00 122 30 $115 00 100 00 200 00 225 00 50 00 $680 00 136 00 $50 00 $3,910 00 122 19 34 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. PUECHASE OF STOCK. The Board of Agriculture, at the meeting held in connection with the cattle sale, authorized President Wells and myself to attend the public sale of Short tlorns from the celebrated Woodbum herd, owned by A. J. Alex- ander, Lexington, Kentucky, and purchase a few animals at our discretion. To my great regret President Wells was detained by business, and I made the trip without him. I was fortunate in having the company of some of our Michigan breeders, who attended the sale and purchased a number of the best animals, among them Messrs. Jas. M. Turner of Lansing, Dwight Curtis of Hillsdale and J. S. Flint, as the representative of Wm. Steele of Ionia. The trip, while a hurried one and marred somewhat by disagreeabla weather, was still, in many respects, a pleasant one. Kentucky is historic ground to every lover of good Short Horns, and it was very pleasant to meet some of the breeders famous in Short Horn annals on their own ground. The Wood- burn farm is a grand estate, and the fame of its stock attracted a large attendance of breeders from various parts of the country. To Hon. Wm. Warfield we are indebted for many courtesies kindly extended to our party. One thing that impressed me strongly was the fact that, while there were many grand herds of cattle in this section, where Short Horns have been bred for sixty years (so long one would suppose that all vestiges of the scrub would be obliterated), there were after all a good many natives, or at least many inferior grades, an evidence of the prejudice or shortsightedness of the average Kentucky farmer. We purchased two yearling heifers. Miss Bates 21st at 1355 and Wood- burn Kirklevington 2d at 1500, both sired by the imported bull 2d Duke of Whittlebury 62574. Their breeding is excellent, and we expect they will prove quite an acquisition to our herd. In closing this report I desire to express my obligations to those who have assisted me in carrying on the work of the department, and who have neces- sarily had much to do with the details of management. Any success achieved in my work is largely due to the unwavering sym- pathy and support of the State Board of Agriculture. I can only hope by conscientious devotion to the duties they have entrusted to my hands, to show how fully I appreciate their confidence. SAM'L JOHNSON, Professor of Agriculture and iSuperin- tendent of the Farvi. Agricultural College, June 30, 1887. REPORT OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. President Willits: In presenting the report of the chemical department for the current year, permit me to congratulate you on a year of successful administration aud of prosperity in the college as a whole. In the chemical department the stu- dents have never been more earnest in their studies or more devoted to their work. The order, both in class-room and laboratory, has been unexceptionable. REPORT OF CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 35 One hundred and seventy-five students have received instruction in the laboratory during the year. The instruction has been both theoretical and practical. The plan of having the students perform the experiments for themselves, under the supervision of the teacher, to impress indelibly upon the mind the principles of a science by demonstrating the facts by personal experiment, and thus become familiar with the manipulation of apparatus, has been more fully carried out in the instruction in this department than in any former year. While this adds largely to the labors of the teacher it awakens enthusiasm in the student. The details of class-room instruction and laboratory work need not be stated here. By frequent visits to lectures and class work in the laboratory you have kept yourself well informed of the kind and quality of instruction. OUTSIDE WORK. During the year a number of analyses of soils from the sandy plains of our northern counties have been made preparatory to an investigation of the agricultural capabilities of the pine barrens. Many specimens of molds, mucks, mineral specimens, etc., have been sent here for analysis for the information of the pioneers of our newly settled counties. Settlers asking for advice and information have come from all parts of the State. While making t-erious demands upon the time of the teacher, such interc()urse keeps the college and the industrial classes in sympathy with each other. The number of hours a teacher spends in the class-room is an inadequate measure of the real amount of work he performs or of his usefulness to the public. farmers' institutes. It is now twelve years since the college management inaugurated Farmers' Institutes, sustained by the joint labors of the farmers and teachers, to be held at favorable points in the State. These Farmers' Institutes have spread into many other states. In some of these states the number of institutes has been increased to sixty or more, and we seem to be eclipsed while still adhering to our original half dozen. Bat our institutes have from the first been planted among the farmers, have owed their success to the hearty co-operation of the farmers an I their addresses and essays, and have taken root among the farmers themselves. In almost every place where a Farmers' Institute has been held a local institute has been formed and similar meet- ings have been sustained year by year in such communities. The institutes in our State have been seed-sowing rather than harvest, and the harvest home of this seed-sowing comes in bettering farming, better feeling and happier homes as the years roll 'round. The test for our institutes is not '"how many?" but "how fruitful? " Judged by this standard, Michigan can still hold up her head. I attended the institutes at Grayling and Fremont. The meeting at Gray- ling was one of peculiar interest, the principal topic for discussion being the subject of "farming on jack pine lands." It was a live topic and handled with rare ability by the hardy farmers present. The subject is one of great importance to our State. INSPECTION TOUR. In the short vacation in May I visited several Agricultural Colleges and 36 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. experiment stations in New York and Ohio, and took the opportunity to visit the sand barrens near Syracuse which, by skillful and scientific man- agement, have been changed to fruitful farms. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. The inspection and analysis of the commercial fertilizers offered for sale in this State, as required by law, have been duly made and reported in Bul- letin No. 37. So far as information has been received, only one firm has failed to comply with the law, and the facts in the case have been duly reported to a member of the Board of Agriculture for action. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. The complete meteorological observations so long carried out at the col- lege have been continued during the year, and the results published for information of the public. In addition to these tri-daily observations, a set of soil thermometers to measare the temperature at three, six, nine and twelve inches below the surface of the soil, has been bought and placed in position, and records kept of the temperature at these several depths. I have also taken the temperature of the water iu the Cedar river from time to time. Except in periods of flood this river is largely fed by springs, and the temperature of the water in the river thus becomes, to some extent, a measure of the soil temperature, and thus denotes the march of the sea- son. I find the temperature of the river water to-day (37°) is twelve degrees colder than it was oue year ago to-day, and forty-seven degrees colder than it was in our heated term (July 18). Observations on the temperature of water in rivers and lakes, if carefully and systematically carried out, might develop facts of interest both to science and common life. Kespectfully submitted, K. C. KEDZIE, Prof. Chemistry. ' Agricultural College, Nov. 1, 1887. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND FORESTRY. To Hon. Edwin Willits, President of the State Agricultural College : Please accept the following brief report of the department which is under my charge. The time included is nine months, viz: from September 30, 188C, to June 30, 1887. During the autumn term seventy-five eophomores were instructed in systematic botany, and twenty-one students in the mechan- ical course were instructed in the use of the compound microscope and the study of timber. In the spring term, sixty-one sophomores studied physiological botany, aided by compound microscopes. In the summer term, at the time of writing this report, seventy-two freshmen are studying structural botany, and twenty-two seniors, with a few others, are studying forestry. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND FORESTRY. 37 In addition to this, during one or more terms of the year, there have been four resident graduates, or special students, pursuing some studies in botany. Some dozen or more students are each collecting specimens and giving special attention each to one order of plants. Quite a large number call in to be assisted in some special topic which they prepare for the natural his- tory society or for some one of the literary societies. So far as appears, some improvements are made each year in the course of instruction. It is customary for many prof essors in a college to try to get all the time possible in a course of study for the students in their own department, regardless of what may be left for other profess >rs. During my connection with this college, since 1870, the time allotted to the study of botany has been five-sixths of a collegiate year of daily work. During this period botany has made wonderful progress. The plan of using compound microscopes in the study of physiological botany has become quite general, and is very popular. This takes one term of the year, and occupies time formerly given to sys- tematic botany — the study of the natural orders which are most interesting or the most useful. During the term in which students can now elect still more botany, they can study forestry, fungi or the grasses. There is no denying the fact that however valuable may be the term devoted to physiolog- ical botany by the use of compound microscopes, teacher and students feel the lack of the "old fashioned " analysis of plants in which they learn the names and uses and the habitats of many native plants. The museum is constantly receiving additional specimens, mainly from my own efforts in collecting them. The arboretum has received perhaps a dozen new species, and the botanic garden has received about as many as have died during inclement winters or summers. I have spent more time this summer than ever before in studying the interesting flora of this neigh- borhood, and have made large collections for our local herbarium. 1 attended and lectured at two of the six college farmers' institutes last winter — three others by special request; also, the meeting of the State Dairy- mens' Association held at Flint. Numerous other requests to lecture were declined, that I might find some time during the winter vacation for the study of grasses and the completion of my book on Grasses of North America. The first volume has been printed and contains about 470 pages. The favorable comments by teachers in Agricultural Colleges, the agricult- ural press and journals of science have been very gratifying, and better than I had reason to expect. The preparation of bulletins, lectures in the chapel to students and professors, answering numerous questions by letter, have occupied not a little time during the year. Full reports on preceding years seem to make a lengthy one unnecessary at this time. DONATIONS. Frank Kellogg, Agriculhiral College: A small bottle in which grew root-stocks of quack grass. R. B. Hough, Loiuville, N. Y.: '^0 simples of business cards made of red and silver maple. W. Hilhert, N. Lansing, Mich.: 2 bunches of grass. Ben. Haines, 41 Maine St., Netu Albany, Ind.: 2 sorts of Linaria Vulgaris. 38 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Geo. E. Kedzie, Ouray, Col.: 8ends seeds of Aquilegia Cserulea to be tested. J. G. Lemmon, San Luis Obispo, Cal.: Package of seed of Tyetes Lemmoni. Prof. E. C. White, Cincinjiati, 0.: Sends from Peru^ S. A., three lots Indian corn, some Ullinos and seeds of plants. Royal Gardens, Kew, England: Keports for 1881, '82, '84. Guide to museum of timber, 1886. Guide to Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, 1886. W. M. Badcock, New Providence, Union Co., N. J.: 20 unnamed dried English plants. Botanical Division, United states Department of Agriculture: 25 packages of seeds of native grasses collected in Colorado. Prof. James Satferlee, Lansing, Mich.: 7 shingles (shaved pine) that had been laid twenty-eight years in Lansing.. T. Bergy, Proprietor of Caledonia Button Works, Mich., through W. J. Meyers, 'S9 : Samples of vegetable ivory and forty buttons of the same material. Mrs. M. J. C. Carpenter : Collected in Arkansas fruit of gum tree, trumpet creeper and a gall of a rose bush. Frank E. Wood, Hancock, Mich.: 4 living ferns. United States Agricultural Department, through A. C. Lawrence: Samples of blue stem wheat from Erwin, D. T. Israel Wood, Delhi, Mich.: Example of fasciation in willow. Galls on burr oak. KespectfuUy submitted. Sincerely your friend, W. J. BEAL, Professor of Botany and Forestry^ Agricultural College, June 30, 1887. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. President Edwin Willits: The following is the report of my department for the past year: In all the years of the college I have never known greater earnest and enthusiasm among the students, nor could students be more courteous and gentlemanly in their conduct and demeanor. Owing largely to your encour- agement, we are able to do more laboratory work, and this kind of study, as it partakes of original research, is very highly appreciated by the students and is sure to receive their best efforts. The course of instruction for the past year has been much as in previous years, except that now each student has work in the laboratory through the entire course. The time in the laboratory varies from three to six hours DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. 39 per week. This makes the work of the department very arduous, but the excellent results makes even the hardest work pleasurable. The classes for the past year have been much larger than previously. They have ranged from sixteen to forty-five. More and more the students are ask- ing for special work in the department. It is not uncommon for several students to work Saturday and in leisure hours in the laboratory. During the autumn term the laboratory work is so extensive that I must perforce give much of it into the hands of my assistant, Mr. C. P. Gillette, to whose earnestness and fidelity much of the success is due. COLLEGE WORK OTHER THAX INSTRUCTIOITv During the year I have given two public lectures before the entire college. Subjects: "History of the College," and " Unbidden Guests." I attended, the Three Oaks and Bancroft institutes, and gave lectures at both places. I have prepared two bulletins during the year, which will appear in the report of the board. A portion of the year I have taught a large and interesting class in the college Sabbath school. I think the inquiries received by mail during the year were never so numer- ous. I have answered all these as promptly as possible. Many experiments have been carried on during the year. These have been largely under the charge of Mr. Gillette. The character and. results of these investigations are appended to this report. THE APIARY. The bees wintered without loss, but owing to neglect early in the season, which was entirely unavoidable, and will be till I can have more assistance, they did very poorly, yet they have held their own and go into winter quarters in good condition. During the year we have bnilt a new building for the apiary, under my supervision. Before this was commenced, I drew a sketch of the proposed building and wrote a full description. This was copied in all our several American bee journals, and also in several English and Ger- man papers, and was commented upon by many of our best American and foreign apiarists. Thus I had the advantage of wide criticism, and I hope and think we have a model apiary. The position of the apiary, though not what I had hoped for, will, I think, prove very good. This excellent apiary, together with our thorough and unique course of instruction, will surely bring us many students. Already our students are in demand for responsible positions, not only in the Uui ed States but also in foreign countries. It is very desirable that I should have an assistant to give his entire time in the apiary. This is the next stride forward which the department should make. A sketch and description of the new apiary is appended to this report. OUTSIDE WORK. Last winter I wrote and had published quite a full treatise on " Maple Sugar and the Sugar Bush." An edition of 3,000 copies was issued. So far as I know it was the first work ever written on this subject. I also lectured before the Ohio and Wisconsin State Horticultural Societies, and the New York and Wisconsin Farmers' Institutes, subject to the consent and advice 40 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. of yourself and the State Board of Agriculture. I also read a paper before the winter meeting of the Michigan State Horticultural Society, and pre- pared and delivered an address as president of the State Bee Keepers' Society. I have also spoken before several farmers' clubs during the year. DONATIOKS TO ZOOLOGICAL DEPAETMENT. F. J. Niswander: Alligator. H. J. DeGarmo: Deformed femur. C. B. Cook — mounted specimens : Australian thrush. Sickle-billed humming bird. Sword-beaked hummer. S. A. Toucan. Grass parakeet. Swift lorikeet. Green heron. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus. Xiphocoloptes albicollis. Falcunculus frontolus. Collared peccary Echidna. Prairie dog. * Prairie wolf. Kangaroo. Mountain quail. American bittern. White ibis. Long billed curlew. Rough legged buzzard C. L. Rose : Fossil fish (3 specimens). H. 0. Hipp-. Fossil coral. O. H. Hoyt: Gizzard of goose (abnormal). W. W. Diehl: Trilobite. J. I. Ames : Emery. Mr. Warren : Feather bone. M. D. Oshand : Work of pine borer. C. B. Cook: Stuffed birds (7 specimens). F. H. Hall: Fossils f2 specimens). D. A. Hoffman: Fossils from Iowa coal (22 specimens). J. F. Craig : Fossil baculite. W. M. Byar : Orthis occidentalis. Respectfully submitted, A. J. COOK EXPERIMENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. PLUM CURCULIO (CONOTKACHELUS IfENUPHAR). Paris green in the proportion of one table-spoonful to six gallons of water was very thoroughly sprayed upon four plum trees May 18. The petals had all fallen, but the dried calyxes still clung to the fruit. On August 20 the trees were visited, when it was found that the two treated trees of the Wild Goose variety had dropped all their fruit, as had the untreated trees of the same kind. Another treated tree of a yellow variety was loaded with plums, of which only fifteen per cent were stung, and those not badly. The fourth tree treated was a purple variety, and had not less than seventy-five per cent of its fruit badly stung. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. 41 CODLING MOTH (CAKPOCAPSA POMONELLA). London purple, in the proportion of a heaping tea-spoonful to a pailful (three gallons) of water, was freely sprayed upon a crab-apple tree May 24. Heavy rains followed, and on Jane 6 the application was repeated. An adjacent tree, also crab-apple, was left untreated as a check tree. From each of these trees, July 1, two hundred apples were picked at random. The apples from the treated tree gave one codling moth larva and five curculio scars, while the untreated tree gave eight codling moth larvae and thirty-two cufculio scars. On September 20, when nearly all the apples had fallen, another count of 200 each was made, taking the apples from the ground. Those from the untreated tree gave nitiety-one wormy apples, and those from the treated tree thirty-seven. The results were not as satisfactory as on previous years, possibly owing to heavy rains. CUERANT WORM (NEMATUS VENTRICOSUS). Soap suds made by dissolving one part of common soft soap in three parts of water was applied by use of a cyclone nozzle to the under side of the leaves for the destruction of the eggs of the saw-fly. Some of the eggs turned and dried up, but most of them were unharmed and the foliage was somewhat injured by the application. Kerosene emulsion made with whale oil soap, so that the kerosene should form one-twelfth of the mixture, was also used for the destruction of the eggs, in the same manner as the soap-suds, and with almost identical results. The one remedy that can always be relied upon to destroy the currant worm is white hellebore. PLANT LICE (aphides). Kerosene emulsion made with common soft soap, so that the kerosene should form one-eighth of the entire mixture, was freely sprayed upon snow- ball bushes for rhe destruction of the aphis eggs that were thickly scattered over every twig and bud. A well treated twig, on which were eggs in very large numbers, was taken into the laboratory and put in a glass jar. Only two or three lice ever hatched from the eggs on this twig. Another similar twig that was not treated was also put in a jar in the laboratory, and from it the lice hatched in large •numbers. The contrast in numbers of lice on treated and untreated bushes out of doors was almost equally marked at first, but later the difference was not so great. This was perhaps due to the rapid increase of the few hatched upon the bush and to others hatched from eggs laid upon grass and rubbish near tho roots of the plant. This experiment, and others tried upon the eggs of the apple aphis, seems to prove quite con- clusively that kerosene emulsion of the strength above mentioned will destroy the great majority of the eggs if thoroughly applied. APPLE APHIS (aphis MALI). A kerosene emulsion in which the kerosene formed one-fifteenth of the entire mixture was applied to the apple trees just as the buds were beginning to open. The young lice had nearly all hatched and were clustered together 6 42 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. on the opening buds in large numbers. Over fifty lice in one case were- counted on a single bud. T?ro days after the application the trees were again visited, when scarcely a live louse could be found. In a count of two hundred specimens only one live individual was fouud. Whale-Oil Soap. Several experiments were made with this soap, which proved it to be nearly or quite equal to the kerosene emulsion for the destruc- tion of the aphides. The strength used was one-half pound of the soap to four gallons of water. Soft Soap. Common soft soap reduced in four parts of water was also- found very eflficient for the destruction of the plant lice. CABBAGE MAGGOT (AI^THOMYIA BRASSIC^). Kerosene emulsion, strong soap-suds and Loudon purple, in the wet way, were freely applied on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays of each week,, beginning May 5, about the roots of early cabbages for the destruction of the cabbage maggot. This was continued until the flies had stopped their work of egg-laying. An examination of the plants at this time showed them to be nearly as badly infested with maggots as were the untreated rows. This does not prove that the substances had no effect to diminish the attack of the maggots. There was a red mite very numerous in the garden, and which ate great numbers of the eggs about untreated plants. It proves that the benefit of the insecticides did not much exceed the benefit of these little mites. Three of the mites were taken into the laboratory and fed upon fresh eggs to note their rations. Several days' feeding proved that these little mites would suck not less than fifteen eggs each every day. As it was com- mon to find four or five of these little friends about a single plant, it can be readily seen that they were very helpful in lessening the number of maggots about the plants. In another patch kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap, Lon- don purple and pyrethrum water were used as above, treatment beginning May 21, three days after the plants were set out. The kerosene emulsion was too strong and did the plants more harm than good. The rows treated with London purple and whale-oil soap did not lose quite as many plants as the untreated rows. The pyrethrum seemed to have no effect whatever. ONION MAGGOT (ANTHOMYIA CEPARUM). Rows of onions were also treated with insecticides as were the cabbages, but received more harm than good. RADISH MAGGOT (aNTHOMYIA RAPHANI). Kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap, common soft soap, a strong tobacco decoction, and powdered charcoal were faithfully used about radish plants for the destruction of the radish maggots, but all to no effect. Not a bunch of marketable radishes was taken from the treated or untreated rows in the eniire bed. We do not at present know of any application that is practicable for the destruction of the radish maggot. The location of the bed must be changed each season or else the flies must be shut out by means of gauze. PARIS GREEN AND LONDON PURPLE VS. FOLIAGE. These two arsenites, in the proportion of one pound to fifty gallons of water. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. 43 ■were rather freely sprayed upon the foliage of the following trees and plants ■with the following results: On apple the leaves became badly spotted with brown and some turned yel- low and fell off. On the plum the effect was the same. On tame cherry every leaf fell. On peach all the leaves fell and all of the new growth died. On raspberry, potato, and summer and winter squash the poisons did no harm. On corn the leaves were much browned but were not killed, PAKIS GREEN AND LONDON PURPLE— EXPERIMENTS WITH. These two arsenites as used by the department this season seemed to be equally efficient as insect exterminators, and their effect upon foliage was almost identical. It was no trouble to mix either with water, but the London purple mixed a little the quicker. The Paris green, however, settled much the quicker. Experiments proved that Paris green would settle as much in fifteen minutes as London purple would in an hour and a half. Analysis proved the [)oison used to be unadulterated. An adulterated article used by another party gave much trouble in mixing with water and it did little good as an insecticide. London purple that will roll about like oil upon water is an adulterated article unfit for use. The application of tlie insecticides to foliage in the above experiments was made almost entirely though the Nixon nozzle, manufactured by A. H. Nixon, Dayton, Ohio, and which gives excellent satisfaction. I know of no other that is equal to this. The field force pump (Lockport, N. Y.) we think excellent for spraying large orchards. This runs by gearing attached to the wagon wheel. The cjclone nozzle is especially useful in throwing a spray on the under side of the foliage of low bushes. A HOUSE FOR THE APIARY. The house is three stories — a cellar 7 feet high; first floor 8 feet, and chamber 6 feet at the lowest part. The cellar is for wintering bees ; the rooms above are for honey, extracting, and shop ; the chamber is for general storage. The cellar has two rooms. One, for bees in winter, is 18x24 feet. This is entirely under-ground, with a good stone wall, grouted below and plastered above, with a double floor grouted between — to secure against mice and cold alike, and with the partition wall double, with double doors. At the center of the partition wall a small chimney runs from the bottom of the cellar up to and through the roof. Just within the wall of this room is a small gutter which extends nearly around the room, as seen in the drawing, from one end of a cistern to the under-ground sub-earth ventilation-pipe which runs 200 feet or more under-ground. Thus this pipe of four-inch glazed tile serves for sub-earth ventilation, overflow-pipe for a cellar cistern, and it can be made to empty the cistern and cool the bee-cellar at any time, the water passing through the small gutter. In the other room of the cellar, which is 8x24 feet, there is a cistern 8x14 feet, and 5 feet high. As will be seen, this extends 2 feet into the bee-cellar, yet the partition is tight, except a small hole just at the bottom, so we may say we have two cisterns — one a small one in the bee-cellar, the other a large one in the other cellar, though they are connected at the bottom. The other room, which is a sort of vestibule for the bee-cellar, has two windows — one u DEPARTMENT REPOKTS. (1x2) by 2 feet, and stairs to the room above, which are covered by double trap-doors. This room is entirely uader-grouiid, though the outer double door, which is 4 feet wide, is, because of a natural slope of the grouud, on a level with the outside, or else is inclined so we can easily ruu a wheelbarrow into the cellar. The windows may receive light by a half-circular excava- tion, except on the east end where they are entirely above ground. Here, then, we have an arrangement by which we can control the tempera- ture perfectly from October to Miy; and from an experience extending now over eight years, I am sure that, with enough good food, bees are entirely safe in such a cellar. By aid of the cistern there is no occasion to use ice to reduce the temperature in spring; and we can, by aid of sub-earth ventila- tion and cistern water, ke^p the temperature Just to our liking all through the winter, with almost no trouble and at no expense. This is no theory: it is demonstrated fact. As the bees can be wheeled into the cellar, their removal to or from the cellar is a very light task. On the ground floor, which is on a level with the earth outside, there are three rooms. One on the southwest, 12x15 feet, is for extracting and extracted honey. It has a hard wood floor, wide outer door, and only one thickness of wall, so that in summer it is kept very warm, and so enables us to ripen honey without leaving it in the hive till it is all capped. This is also a demonstrated fact. The joists above are just so wide that they serve as frame supports. The windows are poised with weights, and these and the door have an outer gauze hinged frame. The gauze is so arranged that bees can pass out, but will not enter the room from without. A second room on the southeast is also the same size, but is double walled, lathed and plastered. It contains a stove, but has no outer door. It is for comb honey, for an otfice, and has trap doors to cellar stairs. I find that some are not in favor of this room, but I think it very desirable. is " .2 2 Cellar, 7 feet high, grouied on the bot- tom, and plastered with water-liine or ceiled above. Cistern. 8 x 14, outside measure, 4J^ £t. high. . 30 feet, uutiiiJe measure. V ^ J Fig. 1. Diagram nf cellar. REFERENCES AND REMARKS TO FIG. 1. D, 4-feet double doors, i, gutter. j, stone wall 4M feet, or all the way up. 1, double wall lined with paper. M, passageway from cellar, with stone abutments on each side, and level with outside, so a wheelbarrow can be run in and out. O, drain of 6-inch tile— Dr. Miller says 10-inch— following the dotted lines 200 feet, and all the way below frost or variable temperature mark. W, cellar windows, Lx2X feet, double ; outer glass, and inner wood. Both are hinged above so as to open in easily. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING. 45 Fig. 2. Diagram of first floor. REFERENCES AND REMARKS TO FIG. 2. D, doors, the double one at the bottom having a sill so low a wheelbarrow can .be run over it, outside door being of gauze. W, windows, all of which have wire gauze screens outside, and hinged to swing out. Screens on four south windows to extend 4 inches above upper jamb, with >f-inch space. Posts 14 feet. Studding, to chamber, alternate 13 and 18 inches apart (?) Side studding 12 feet long and 1 foot apart. Floor, double, one foot apart, and with grouting. Cellar and house mouse proof. The entire north side of the building is for a shop. This is 12x30 feet. It has a pump from the cistern below, and stairs to the chamber above. It has an outside door, four windows, and a door into each of the other rooms. There will also he a stove in this room. In winter, then, when we have a fire in either room, the chimney will be heated, and the air drawn from the bee-cellar. The wind, too, passii)g over the chimney, will suck the air from the cellar. In both cases the air is supplied through the long sub-earth pipe, and IS so tempered by the temperature of the earth, and is kept sweet and pure. This is both theory and demonstrated fact. This room is large enough so that a small engine and some machinery can be introduced if desired. I find that this house, large enough for a large apiary, can be built for $600; and for safety and convenience I believe it fills the bill. I cannot agree with Mr. Heddon that we had better have double-walled houses above ground. I think the cellar far better and more convenient. A. J. COOK. Agricultural College, Mich., June, 1887. REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING. Agricultural College, October 1, 1887. To Edwin Willits, President : Dear Sir, — I have the honor to submit the following report of the various interests in my care during the past year. 46 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. MATHEMATICS. The following classes in mathematics have been taught during the year: Fall term, 1886: Freshman algebra, three classes taught by J. B. Cotton. Sophomore algebra, three classes, taught by L. G. Carpenter. Trigonometry, one-half term, three classes taught by Prof. L. McLouth, Spring term, 1887: Freshman geometry, three classes daily, taught by J. B. Cotton. Trigonometry and surveying, three classes daily, taught by L. G-. Carpenter. Summer term, 1887: Geometry, three classes daily, taught by J. B. Cotton. Analytic geometry, one class taught by L. G-. Carpenter. ENGINEERING. Agricultural engineering, taught to seniors in fall term by R. C. Carpenter. Civil engineering, taught to seniors in spring term by R. C. Carpenter. DRAWING. Free hand draioing, to the mechanical students, was taught in the fall term by Prof. L G. Carpenter, and to the agricultural students in the spring term by Prof. W. S. Holds worth. Mechanical draioing, occupying from one to three hours daily, was taught by Prof. R. C. Carpenter, fall term 1886, spring term 1887 and summer term 1887. The subject of drawing is now in charge of Professor W. S. Holdsworth. Astronoyny was taught in the summer term by Prof. L. G. Carpenter. The subjects discussed in each of the above classes and text-books used are fully described in the catalogue, and it seems unnecessary to make a fuller statement in this place. The amount of class work for each teacher has rarely been less than three hours, and sometimes has been as high as five hours per day. MECHANICAL SHOPS. The shops of the mechanical course have been in my charge since the opening of the course. On the first of September, 1887, they were turned over to Prof. W. F. Darand, professor of Mechanics. The equipment of the shops has been much improved, and principally by the work of the students themselves. There have been constructed in the iron shop one turret lathe, fifteen inch swing, one engine lathe, fifteen inch swing, two engine lathes twelve inch swing, one pattern maker's lathe, and two lafhes for the wood shop, besides a great number of small tools. These latter lathes were designed by myself and patterns made in the wood shop. There is in course of construction one twenty-horse power engine, one fifteen inch engine lathe, and two iron lathes for the wood shop. Every tool completed has added to the efficiency of the shop. A universal milling machine has been needed perhaps more than any other one tool. I am DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING. iT pleased to see that since Prof. Durand has been in charge of the shop this has been purchased. The work in the wood shop is principally educational, and has been ■devoted largely to models. A large number of useful articles and a great deal of repairing has been done, however. The work in this shop has shown a steady improvement since the opening of the shop, due principally to improved facilities. In the fall of 1885 the wood shop had but six sets of tools, and students did what work was possible in the old brick shop. In the fall of 1886 there were twelve sets of tools, and students had benches in the new shop. For fall of 18S7 we shall have twenty sets of tools and all conveniences ready for systematic work, so that the work will probably continue to improve. There are at present three lathes for turning wood. More are urgently needed, but will be supplied in part or wholly by the iron shop. The shops made an exhibit of the products then completed at the State fair at Jackson, 1886, and at the Central Michigan fair, one week later: these exhibits attracted a great deal of favorable com- ment. Mr. James Wiseman is foreman of the iron shop, and has been since the shop opened. He is an excellent workman, and an able manager of students. Mr. H. Campbell, foreman of the wood shop, has been at the college one jear, and has amply proved his ability as a workman and a manager. ADDITION TO MECHANICAL BUILDING. I prepared working drawings and specifications for the addition to the mechanical building. This addition consists of an extension of the present shop sixty feet long, with an addition of a blacksmith shop 30x30 feet, one story high. The lower story of the main shop is to contain a testing room 44x50x16 feet. The contract for this building is let to Eli Spross, contractor, for $3,000. I am also acting as superintendent of construction. Steam Works. Mr. Richard Hiscock is employed as engineer and Mr. James Edgerly as fireman. They have done all needed repairs for the steam works and a good deal of outside work. Mr. Hiscock did most of the skilled labor on the water works. The iron shops of the mechanical department rebuilt an old Niagara pump, which had formerly been used for pumping, and this has proved efficient and a very desirable addition to our steam pumping facilities. I prepared plans and specifications for two new boilers, each twelve feet long by five feet diameter; the contract was let to the Lansing Iron Works. The boilers are not yet completed, but will be finished and set before Decem- ber 1, 1887. WATEK WOKKS — AKTESIAN WELL. Under the superintendence of Secretary H. G. Reynolds an artesian well was drilled near the boiler house. The first flow was obtained at a depth of 105 feet, the main flow at a depth of 360 feet. The well was continued to a total depth of 343 feet without greatly increasing the flow. The head was sufficient to impel some portion of the water up to a total height of nine feet 48 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. above the surface, although the main statical head seems to be about five and one-half feet. The flow through a five-inch pipe was nine gallons per minute five feet above the surface, eighteen gallons per minute two and two and one-third feet above the surface. With a steam pump the amount was increased to 130 gallons per minute. Dr. R. C. Kedzie made several analyses of the water, and reported it in each case of excellent character. The work of connecting the well to the pumps was performed by this department. A six-inch pipe was laid from the pumps, outside the boiler house, and then reduced to a four-inch pipe, which was connected with the inside casing of the well. These precautions were taken so that in the event of an increase in the water supply it will not be again necessary to make new pump connections. The old connections of the pump with the river were not severed. Should our water supply be insufficient in case of a fire, conuection can be had with the river by opening a valve. It does not seem, however, that this will ever be necessary, for the well has more than filled our most sanguine expectations. We can, if necessary, pump from it from three to four barrels per minute. The main line of six-inch pipe, which formerly ended west of College Hall, was extended 1,300 feet to a point beyond the house occupied by Professor Durand: also a branch six inches in diameter was extended 300 feet to a point east of Professor Johnson's house. From these respective points one line was continued west to the President's house, the other line east to the apartment house location, another branch was laid to the location of the new dormitory, these latter being four inches in diameter. A hose cart and 300 feet of best fire hose two and one-half inches in diameter were purchased. Fire hydrants of the Gaskell pattern were set near the various residences. This makes a total of eleven fire hydrants for two and one-half inch hose set on the grounds, two small hose carts and 450 feet of hose. Had we a well drilled fire company our facilities for fighting fire, except for a few buildings, would be equal to that of most cities. The tank in the tower of Williams Hall will be protected from frost either by heatiog or by some means of covering. The under-ground pipes are laid well below the reach of frost. The above is respectfully submitted, E. C. CARPENTEE, Professor of Mathematics and Engineering, REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. To the President of the College : The work of the Department of English Language and Literature during the past year is so similar to that of the previous year, and my last report was so full, that I do not deem an extended report necessary at this time. I have the honor to submit the following: The work has been divided between myself and Mr. Pattengill; and some aid has been rendered by Mr. Cotton, especially in the correction of the first ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 49 written work of the sophomores and the bringing up of the freshmen con- ditioned in grammar. During the autumn term the work in English and elocution with the freshmen was given to my assistant, and I taught the class in General History. The text of Swinion's Outlines was carefully studied, and supplemented by such outside reading as the students could profitably do, and the instructor direct and control, and by such familiar lectures from time to time on important topics as the instructor deemed of advantage. The class numbered fifty-seven and was taught in two sections. I met a part of the freshmen two hours on Saturday mornings for declamation, there being more of this work than my assistant conld direct. I also met the sophomores two hours weekly, on Tuesdays and Fridays, for declamations and essays, there being one hundred and three in the class, each presenting three exer- cises. I met the juniors, numbering forty-seven, once a week for the reading of Shakespeare, the play chosen being Much Ado About Nothing. I met the seniors once a week for essays in English Literature. This class numbered twenty- three, and each student presented two essays, the subjects being taken from the works of the Romaritic Poets. During this term each member of the junior and senior classes delivered one public oration after the regular morn- ing chapel service, this exercise, like all the English work, being under my supervision. Daring the spring term it was found that the sophomores in rhetoric could be taught in two sections instead of three, as had been planned; and these two sections were given to Mr. Pattengill, leaving myself only rhetorical work, Shakespeare, and a class of freshmen in English. This class, number- ing fifty-six, and consisting of students entering at this time and not able to pass an examination in the work of the fall term, with a few who had failed in the fall, met every day for nine weeks, in the afternoon, and carefully traversed the subject as presented in Whitney's Essentials. This term, as before, I shared the rhetorical work of the freshmen with Mr. Pattengill, meeting sections of the class two hours every Saturday. I also superintended most of the rhetorical work of the sophomores, the exercises being one des- criptive, one narrative and one argumentative essay from each member of the class, eighty-seven in number, and Mr. Pattengill and myself sharing about equally in the correction of the manuscripts. The juniors read Shakespere as in the previous term, this term reading Henry IV. They also each delivered one public speech. The sophomores met regularly Tuesdays and Fridays for the study of Webster's Reply to Hayne. Daring the summer term my work varied but little from the work of the corresponding term of the previous year. Nineteen of the seniors elected English Literature, which extended through eight weeks. The texts studied were Milton's Areopagetica, Pope's Essays and Epistles, Burke's American Taxation, Johnson's Rasselas and Lives of Dryden and Pope, George Eliot's Silas Marner, Select Poems of Browning and Tennyson's Lochsley Hall, Lochsley Hall Sixty Years After and Select Poems. Thirty-six juniors, with a few special students, did the regular work in English litera- ture. Kellog's edition of S. A. Brooke's Primer of English Literature was used as a text-book, and the selections in this book, as well as those in J. W. Hale's Longer English Poems and Swinton's Forty Master- pieces were carefully studied. Critical and biographical essays supplemented the regular work. More attention was given this year than before, to the study of the literature, and less to the study of its history, and the results 50 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. seem to warrant the change. This term the seniors spoke in public. The juniors continued their Shakespere study, reading Hamlet and the seniors met once a week to read Milton. The usual commencement exercises were under my supervision, and closed the work of instruction for the year. I I have lectured once in public during the year on " The Newspaper as a Popular Educator," and attended two institutes, as regularly appointed, lecturing on Good Literature at Home and in the Common School. The spring vacation I utilized in visiting several colleges of the State, spending several days at Ann Arbor. I also attended the meeting of the National Teachers' Association, at Chicago. Some changes have been made in the course of instruction which are worthy of notice. The English work in the mechanical course has been made to correspond with that of the agricultural course through the sopho- more year, with a possibility of a parallel through the junior year. The Shakespere work has been made part of the requird course. The Logic has been put in the junior year, and made a required study. The public speeches have been made a part of the morning exercises. The written work, after the sophomore year, except the public speeches, is done in connection with some regular study in the course. Horticulture, Physiology, Literature, Political Science, French and Engineering. A definite time has been set in the program for the meeting of the lower classes for rhetorical exercises. All of these are gratifying, as showing the growing appreciation of the importance of thorough English work. Some additional equipment in the way of dictionaries and charts has been made. The one pressing need now, as when I made my report a year ago, is an instructor in elocution. With the increased number of students, it grows less and less possible for the elocutionary work to be satisfactorily done without the services of a man who can give his entire time to it. All of which is respectfully submitted. E. J. MacEWAN, Professor of English Language and Literature. REPORT OF THE ASblSTANT PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. To the President of the College : I have the honor to report the following as my portion of the work in English for the year 1886-87: FALL TERM — GRAMMAR AND ELOCUTION. The fall term of 1886 was devoted to the study of English Grammar, with Wliiting^s Essentials of English as a text-book. The object kept constantly before us was to develop the thinking power of the student, to render him familiar with the structure of sentences as found in classical English, and to cultivate the faculty of correct speech, of accurate spelling, and of tidy and business like make-up of written exercises. As an auxiliary to the work of ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 51 analyziBg sentences, the class was drilled in diagraming sentences according to the plan laid down by Eeed and Kellogg. The freshman class of this term numbered 100, and was divided into three sections. Each section coming before me daily for three months. These students also received from me semi-weekly instruction in elocution or voice culture, and each one was required to recite two declamations before the pupils of his section. The selections were confined to choice prose compositions by classical English and American writers. In this connection I wish to empha- size the suggestion made by Prof. MacEwan in his report of last year, that a permanent instructor be secured to take charge of the elocutionary work. The subject is an important one, and there is plenty of work fully to employ one person's time. SPRING TERM — RHETORIC AKD ELOCUTION. My work during the spring term was with the sophomore class in rhetoric. The text-book used was A. S. Hill's Principles of Ehetoric. The aim in this study is to give the pupil power to express thought with clearness and force, to enable him to collect and arrange material in narratives, descrip- tions, and arguments. Besides a careful study of the text, each pupil was required to write a descriptive essay, a narrative essay, and an argumentative speech. There were in this class 87 students, divided into two sections. The written work required amounted to nearly 2,000 pages of manuscript, and in the correction of this I was assisted by Prof. MacEwan. The freshmen also met me semi-weekly in elocution and voice culture. Each one gave two declamations. More attention was given to proper ges- tures than in the preceding term. SUMMER TERM — ELEMENTARY RHETORIC. The freshman class again came under my charge ; this time to pursue the study of rhetoric, with D. J. Hill's Elements of Rhetoric as a text-book. Drill on the fundamental principles of rhetoric, actual practice each day in spelling, pronouncing, and analyzing words, careful preparation of papers in frequent written reviews, constituted the class-room work of the term. Each pupil, moreover, wrote and handed in the following: (1) A letter applying for a position; (2) a descriptive essay on a topic assigned; (3) a descriptive essay on a topic selected by the pupil; (4) a reproductive narrative basad on Paul Revere's Ride. There were in the class 90 students, divided into two sections. The man- uscript work examined amounted to 2,160 pages. The work of the year has gone along very pleasantly. The pupils of all classes have entered into the work with enthusiasm and with an apparent determination to succeed. Kespectfully submitted, H. R. PATTENGILL, Assistant Professor of English Language and Literature. Agricultural College, November 1, 1887. 53 DEPARTMENT EEPORTS. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY SCIENCE. Jo the President Michigan State Agricultural College : Sir, — I have the honor to submit the following report of work done in the Veterinary department of this institution during the year 1886-7: As has been the custom, our collegiate course began with the fall term of 1886, and our special line of work was directed towards giving a course of lectures, upon the anatomy of such domestic animals as the horse, the ox, the sheep, and the hog. The lectures during the term were first of all illustrated by means of very handsome and accurate paper models, obtained from the world-renowned Dr. Auzoux's papier-mache model manufactory in France ; and also a number of well prepared skeletons, put up in this country. Having disposed of our subject in the class-room, the students purchased a horse, and we reviewed the anatomy of it again in the dissecting room. I would here like to say that practical dissection has become so popular with our senior students that the faculty have recently added it to the required course in veterinary science, and provision is made in our present catalogue for it, during the latter part of the fall term. The spring term of 1887 was devoted to lectures upon the diseases of those organs which we had been studying the anatomy of during the autumn, and which occupied our attention for the first four days of the week, the last of the week being given up to materia medica. When it was possible for me to do so, I performed operations upon living subjects before the class, and showed them how to secure and restrain animals under different circumstances. The summer term of this year began with a description of the examination of horses for soundness prior to purchase, conducted first of all in the class- room, with diagrams as means of illustration ; and then in our operating room, with live horses to illustrate our points. We then continued our course from day to day upon pathology and materia medica, not forgetting to introduce the live animal at all times, when it was possible to do so. I may add that the steady growth of our museum assisted me in illustrat- ing the pathological changes which take place between health and disease in a manner that I had not been able to do before, for want of certain actual specimens. Besides my regular class work, I delivered my Wednesday afternoon lecture in the chapel in order, and issued my semi-annual bulletins according to law. In the capacity of State Veterinarian I have attended to the require- ments of the State Live Stock Sanitary Commission, and have had the honor of being reappointed to the office by our present governor. I attended four of our Farmers' Institutes during the winter of 1887. In the early part of the present year I received a request from Purdue University of Indiana to give a course of sixty lectures there, during our vacation, but through unforeseen circumstances will not be able to do so. I have also been requested to deliver a course of eight lectures at the Farmers' Institutes of Wisconsin, which I hope to be able to accomplish during the coming winter. At the annual meeting of the Michigan Veterinary Medical Association I "was elected president of that society, and have read papers upon veterinary topics at both its meetings this year. , MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS. 53 I have attended to the veterinary requirements of the live stock in the Horticultural and Agricultural departments of this college when requested to do so. I have the honor to be, sir, Yours obediently, E. A. A. GEANGE, Professor of Veterinary Science. Agricultural College, Mich., October 1, 1887. EEPORT OF PROFESSOR OF MILITARY SCIENCE FOR 1886-87. President MicMgan Agricultural College: SiK, — I have the honor to render the following report of the condition of the Military Department at this college since my last annual report : Number of infantry drills, with an average attendance of 92 cadets 177 Number of dress parades, with an average attendance of 60 cadets 20 Number of target practices, with an average attendance of 12 cadets 12 Number of recitations in tactics, with an average attendance of 15 cadets— 35 Number of lectures on military subjects, with an average attendance of 75 cadets 6 In addition to the above I delivered a public lecture in the chapel on July 6, upon the present condition of the French army, the result of personal observations in Europe during my recent trip. Two companies of cadets, numbering about sixty, attended the Fourth of July celebration at Flint, participating in the street parade, and giving an exhibition drill. About the same number of cadets attended the State fair at Jackson, in September. In both instances all of the expenses of the cadets were defrayed by the citizens of the two above mentioned cities. A competitive drill between the two companies of the college cadets was held on July 28, for the honor of carrying the colors during the ensuing year. The decision was in favor of " A " company, commanded by cadet captain Irving Bates. First Lieutenant F. L. Dodge, 23d regiment U. S. infantry, kindly consented to act as judge upon this occasion. During the year two gold medals were awarded to cadets D. A. Smith and J. W. O'Bannon, for good marksmanship, the medals being purchased with money ($14.50), contributed for the purpose by the faculty and other officers of the college. Cadet W. J. O'Bannon was also the recipient of a silver medal, offered by myself for special excellence in the manual of arms in an individual competitive drill. Within the year the flag staff, presented to the college by a former student, has been erected in front of the armory, and the regulation U. S. flag and the Signal Service weather flags are daily displayed thereon. SUMMARY. The period of my detail at this institution being about to expire, and my successor having been appointed, it may be of interest to summarize what 54 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. has been accomplished for the new department with which I have been con- nected since I reported for duty three years ago. At that time there was no military organization whatever. Before the expiration of the first year the present placed armory, which is planned in accordance with my suggestions, was completed, and the necessary arms were obtained from the U. S. ordnance department and placed therein. Meanwhile a battalion of two companies was enrolled, uniformed and daily infantry drills in the schools of the squad, company and battalion were begun, and have been carried on without intermission during each college year. At present the battalion consists of 150 cadets. Drill is now compulsory for all students at certain stated periods during the four years' agricultural course. The interest of the students in military matters continues unabated, and the conduct of those under me has, with few exceptions, been entirely satisfactory. The last legislature having authorized the erection of suitable quarters for the professor of military science, the officers who follow me will be spared the inconvenience and expense to which I have been subjected, con- sequent upon necessarily living off of the college grounds. EECOMMENDATIONS. In my opinion the usefulness of this department would be vastly enhanced and the morale of the students improved by transferring the discipline of the students to the Military Department. The dormitories would then be subject to systematic daily inspection, absentees from any college exercise would at once be reported and accounted for; students would march to classes, to work and to drill in orderly sections, instead of straggling along as they now do ; and I am confident professors would be saved much annoy- ance, and the president, especially, a great deal of the arduous work of enforcing discipline, which now consumes so much of his valuable time. I respectfully invite attention to the fact that the rules of the college need early revision, especially with a view to affixing proper penalties for absences from drill. Verv respectfully your obedient servant, J. A. LOCKWOOD, Lieut. J 7th U. 8. Infantry. Professor of Military Science and Tactics. Michigan'Agricultural College, October, 1887. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. To the President : The number of students using books is a gratifying indication of the work done in the class-room; never before have there been so many students doing regular reading in the library ; the helps to the reader are greater than ever before, and are mainly found in the indexes and catalogues, now ready for use. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. 55 Catalogues. There are three catalogues, or indexes, viz : The author's catalogue, the title catalogue, and the subject catalogue. Only the author's catalogue is com- plete; the title catalogue will be complete early in the coming year; the subject catalogue, as far as present experience goes, is quite an endless matter. All the pamphlets are now subject-catalogued and a great many books, but the majority of the books are yet untouched. There are more than 16,000 subject cards, many of them having two or more references, so that there are easily 40,000 references, and, as far as possible, students are taught to make use of them; a printed card explains the matter, and a great many students have mastered the subject. A case for the cards is being made by the mechanical department. Gifts — Bound Volumes. The following is a list of the bound donations, together with the names of the donors : — Agriculture, Department of, Washington — Bureau of Animal Industry, Vol. i and Report of Commissioner, 1886. Bailey, Prof. L. H. — Three Horticultural Reports. Baker, Dr. H. B.— Vol. 13, Report State Board of Health. Bates, Irving Belcher — She. Brown, Dr. J. 0. — 11 Reports on Forestry. Carpenter, M. J. — 6 vols., miscellaneous. Chamberlain, Hon. H. — Michigan Census Report, 1884. Draper, Daniel — Memoir of J. W. Draper. Reports of New York Metero- logical Society. Education, Bureau of — Exhibit at New Orleans 1884-5, part 1. Report, 1884. Garfield, Secretary C. W. — 11 Horticultural Reports. Goodale, Prof. — Report of Massachusetts Agriculture, 1886. Holmes, Howard M. — 3 vols. George's works. Interior, Department of — Patent Office Reports, 5 vols. Miscellaneous, 10 vols. Koons, B. F. — Connecticut Agricultural Report, 1886. Labor — Second Annual Report of United States Commissioner of. Lockwood, Lieut. — Military Laws United States and Michigan. McWhirter, A. J. — Agricultural Report, 1887, Tennessee. Mills, President James — Report Ontario Agricultural College. Pond, Hon. C. V. R. — Fourth Report Bureau of Labor. Porter, President J. L. — Queen's College Catalogue, 1886-7. Quebec — 5 vols. Legislative and other papers. Reid, E. B. — Report Entomological Society, Ontario. Ross, Hon. A. M. — Agriculture and Arts, Ontario. Sims, Wm. — Fifth Biennial Report of Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Smithsonian Institution — Report of, part 1, 1885; 3 vols, miscellaneous col- lections. Spaulding, Hon. 0. L. — Tenth Census of United States. Stevens, Hon. W. C. — Report of Auditor General of Michigan, 1886. Storrs, Hon. L. C. — Board of Corrections and Charities Report, 1885-6. 56 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Tenney, Mrs. H. A. — Vol. 8, Michigan Pioneer Collections. Vol. 56, Michigan Supreme Court Reports. Statutes First Session Forty-ninth Con- gress, 1885-86. Treasury Department — Coast Survey Report, 1885. Commerce and Navi- gation of United States. Internal Commerce. Report of Comptroller of Currency. War Department — Official Records, "War of Rebellion. Reports of Chief Signal Officer, 1885. Reports of Lieutenant General of the Army. Gifts — Pamphlets. Pamphlet donations have been received as follows: Agriculture Department, of Washington — Shade Trees and Insect Defolia- tors. Fungus Diseases of Grape Vines. Manufacture of Sugar Canes and Sorghum. Freight Rates, Crops, Transportation. Foods and Their Adulter- ation. Practical Work in Entomology. Grasses of the South. American Live Stock Manual, unknown. Bailey, Prof. L. H. — Synopsis of North American Carices. Baker, Dr. H. B. — Reprints Michigan State Board of Health Reports. Clute, Rev. 0. — Golden Wedding. Cook, Prof. A. J. — Maple Sugar and The Sugar Bush. Education, Bureau of — Bulletins. Essex Institute — Bulletins of. Experiment Stations and Bulletins — Alabama, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Manitoba, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario, South Carolina, Vermont, Wis- consin. Fairchild, President G. T. — Fifth Biennial Report of Kansas State Agri- cultural College. France — Annuaire de la Societe des anciens eleves de Grand Jouan. Bulletins dele Ministere de L'Agriculture, de la Societe D'Agriculture etde Commerce de Caen, de la Societe Nalionale d' Agriculture et de la. Societe centrale du department de L'Herault. Garfield, Hon. Charles W. — 31 pamphlets on horticulture. Hess and Norton — Hand books of Arkansas City. Hilgard, Prof. E. W., University of California — Irrigation and Viticulture. Ingersoll, President C. L. — Fourth Report of Chamber of Commerce, Denver. Interior Department — Reports of Commissioner of Patents, Jamaica — Annual Report of Public Gardens. Janes, Thos. P. — Scientific Manual. MacMillan, Wm. — Reports Buffalo Park Commission. Manning, R. — Massachusetts Horticultural Society, part 1, 1886. Magyar, Tudomanyos Akademia — 39 miscellaneous works. Patent Office — Gazette. Peebles, Rev. A. B. — Handbook on Mormonism. Pond, Hon. C. V. R. — Statistics of Labor. Smithsonian Institution — Home and foreign exchange list. State Department — Consular Reports, 13 nos. Tamari, Hon. Kizo — Japanese catalogues. Thorburn, J. — Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, 1885. REPOET OF THE LIBRARIAN. 57 Verona — Memorie del Accademia d'Agricoltura arti e commercio. War Department — Official Army Kegister, 1887. Williams, E. — New Jersey Agricultural Eeports, 3 nos. Books by Purchase. Not many books have been bought during the past year, though a few excellent ones were taken rather than lose the opportunity of getting them. Periodicals. As usual our newspaper and magazine list is large. A complete list is as follows, viz : Foreign, by subscription. Agricultural Gazette, Anglia, Annales de Chixnie et de Physique, Art Journal, Blackwood's Magazine, Chemical News, Edinburgh Review, Engineer, Engineering, Englische Studien, Fortnightly Review, Garden, Gardener's Chronicle, Journal of Anatomy, " Chemical Society, " Horticulture, 8 Journal of Royal Agi-icultui-al Society, Elnowledge, MacMillan's Magazine, Nature, Nineteenth Century, North British Agriculturist, Observatory, The, Quarterly Review, Scottish Review, Spectator, Sotheran's price current of books, Times, Weekly, London, Veterinarian, Veterinary Journal, Westminster Review. 58 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. American, hy subscription. Agricultural Science, American Agriculturist, " Bee Journal, " Bookseller, " Architect and Building News, " Chemical Journal, " Cultivator, " Garden, " Journal of Mathematics, " " Science, *« " Comparative Medi cine and Surgery, " Library Journal, " Machinist, " Meteorological Journal, " Microscopical Journal, " Naturalist, " Veterinary Review, Andover Review, Annals of Mathematics, Army Journal, Art Amateur, Atlantic Monthly, Banker's Magazine, Boston Journal of Chemistry, Botanical Gazette, Breeder's Gazette, Canadian Entomologist, Century, Chicago Tribune, daily, Christian Union, Contemporary Review, Country Gentleman, Critic, Detroit Free Press, daily, Detroit Tribune, daily, Dial, Drainage, Education, Electrical World, Engineering News, Entomologica Americana, Gardener's Monthly, Harper's Monthly, Weekly, This list will be slightly altered for and others added. Hog, The, Iowa Homestead, Iron Age, Journal of Education, " Franklin Institute, " the Military Service Institution, Library Notes, Literary World, Littell's Living Age, * Magazine of American History, Manufacturer and Builder, Mathematical Magazine, Mechanical Engineer, Metal Worker, * Michigan Dairyman, ' ' Farmer, Microscope, The, Mirror and Farmer, National Live Stock Journal, New England Homestead, New York Independent, " Nation, " " Tribune, weekly. North American Review, Ohio Farmer, Outing, Popular Science Monthly, Poultry World, Prairie Farmer, Public Service Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Railroad and Engineering Journal, Rural New Yorker, Sanitary Engineering, " News, Science, Science Observer, Scientific American, " " Supplement, Shakspeariana, Sideral Messenger, Southern Cultivator, U. S. Govt. Pubs, Monthly Catalogue, Vick's Monthly, Wallace's Monthly, 1888, some of the above being dropped REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. 59 Through the courtesy of friends we receive a great many excellent helps which we could not otherwise have; there is nothing more appreciated by the student than his county paper, although he may not feel able to sub- scribe for it ; our thanks are due to all publishers and others who remember US. We have been asked, sometimes, to send the Speculum in exchange ; the Speculum is a students' paper, edited, published, and controlled by them, and outside the province of college officers. 2Jie folloioing papers are Albion Recorder, Allegan Gazette, American, " Beekeeper's Magazine, *' Chemical Review, " Dairyman, " Farmer, " Garden, " Missionary, " Sheep Breeder, Appleton's Literary Bulletin, Battle Creek Journal, Bee and Poultry Magazine, Benton's Bees, Cincinnati Grange Bulletin, Charlotte Republican, Charlevoix Journal, Chicago Medical Times, Christian Register, City and Country, Clinton Independent, Cold water Republican, Daily Live Stock Commercial, Deaf Mute Mirror, Duncan's Monthly Magazine, Farm, Field and Stockman, Farm and Fireside, Farmer's Advocate, Budget, Farm, Herd and Home, " Home, Flint Globe, Fruit Grower's Journal, Fruitman and Farmer's Guide, Gleanings in Bee Culture, Good Health, Grand Haven Herald, Grand Traverse Herald, Grange Visitor, Hillsdale Leader, " Standard, donated hy publishers or others. Holstein Friesian Record, Imports and Exports to U. S. , Industrialist, Ingham County News, Ionia Sentinel, Journal D' Agriculture, " N. Y. Microscopical Society, Kalamazoo Telegraph, Lansing Journal, " Sentinel, Literary News, Locomotive, Medical Missionary Record, Microscope, The (Detroit), Midland Republican, Sun, Monroe Commercial, Naturalist's Bulletin, National Live Stock Weekly, New England Farmer, New Farm, Official Gazette, Orchard and Garden, Ouray Times, Popular Gardening, Practical Farmer, Saginaw Morning Herald, School Moderator, Scientific Roll, Sorghum Grower's Guide, St. Louis Leader, State Republican (Lansing), Sun, The, Three Rivers Tribune, Traverse Bay Eagle, Unitarian Review, Union Signal, Watchman, Weekly Globe and Canada Farmer, Western Resources, Wolverine Citizen. -60 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Suggestions. Since the mechanical department has been added there has been a new set of interests to consider, viz., those of the mechanical students. These young men work in two divisions, the one section commencing at one o'clock, working until three, when they are excused and the second division takes their place, working until five ; these last students are virtually closed out of the library except in the evening. My first suggestion is that the library be open hereafter at one o'clock p. m. instead of three, and tbat the librarian have a student assistant to keep the library open from half past six until half past eight in the evening. This will give an open library eleven hours a day, ample time for all classes of students, while the daylight is better for cata- loguing, indexing and other library work. The evening help is almost neces- sary unless the librarian does injustice to herself. My second suggestion is not a suggestion so much as a hope, that we may eventually have a good clean light to take the place of kerosene. The rooms are much better lighted than formerly, but the light is far from being the best library light. In closing, it may not be amiss to say of the students that their manly courtesy and earnestness in work have been a great help and pleasure to me. Very respectfully, MARY J. CARPENTER, Lihrariaii. LIST OF EXCHANGES AND WANTS OF THE MICHIGAN AGKICULTUEAL COLLEGE LIBEART. Exchanges. Of each of the following works we have two or more copies, and should be pleased to exchange with any one wanting them, for books mentioned in the list of wants. Agricultural Reports: California, 1852, 1863. Colorado, 1881, 1882. Connecticut, 1866, 1868, 1874, 1876-86. Georgia, 1883-4. Illinois, 1853-57. Indiana, 1852, 1853, 1879. Iowa, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1871, 1872, 1875-84. Kansas, 1874, 1876-78 1881, 1882, 1885, 1886. Kentucky, 1879. Maine, 1857, 1858, 1861-74, 1876-78, 1880, 1881, 1883, 1884. Manitoba, 1883. Massachusetts, 1852, 1855, 1857, 1864-75, 1877, 1878. Michigan, 1852-56, 1859, 1871-77, 1879, 1880, 1883-87. Missouri, 1865-68, 1878-84. New Hampshire, 1850-53, 1883. New Jersey, 1874-79, 1881, 1885. Ohio, 1860, 1862, 1865-80. Pennsylvania, vol. 1, 1877, 1878-81, 1884. Vermont, 1872, 1874-77, 1881-84. Wisconsin, 1851, 1852, 1861-71, 1880, 1881. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. 61 Experiment Station Keports : Connecticut, 1880, 1883-86. Kansas, 1883, 1884. Massachusetts, 1884, 1885. North Carolina, 1883, 1884. New York, 1883-85. Ohio, 1885. Wisconsin, vol. 4. Horticultural Eeports : Colorado, 1882-84. Illinois, 1868, 1870, 1876, 1880. Indiana, 1881, 1882. Kansas, 1881. Maine, 1873, 1874. Montreal, 1879, 1881, 1882, 1885. Michigan, 1876-86. Minnesota, 1874, 1876, 1879, 1883. Missouri, 1880-82. New Jersey, 1874, 1879, 1880, 1882. Nova Scotia, 1884. Ohio, 1885, 1886. Ohio, Montgomery Co., 1878, 1880. Pennsylvania, 1875. Hovey's Gardeners' Mag., 9 vols, from 1857. Barry's Brief Essays on Fruit. Miscellaneous: American Agriculturist, bound vols, cl., 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 27. Same unbound, vols. 37, 42. American Ephemeris, 1855. Angell's Higher Education Accessible to All. Annals of Congress, 1789, 1824, 42 vols, cf., in good condition; would prefer to sell. Brown's American Poultry Yard. Consular Eeports, many. Contagious diseases, swine, U. S., 1880. Dunwoody's rainfall, temperature and crop production. Education, U. S. annual report, 1885-6. Education, Bureau of. Bulletins, Nov., 1872, Nos. 1, 2, 1873, 1880 com- plete; also leaflets, 1885, Nos. 1, 3, 4, Farm Statistics, Mich., five vols. bd. Food and Food Adulteration, Eichardson Forestry, U. S. reports 1884. Forestry, government timber lands, 1884. France, bulletins French Ministere d' Agriculture, Geology. Health, Mich. St. Bd. of, some reports. Hedges, sugar cane culture. Index to Gov't Agr'l Eepts., 1877, 1885. Labor Comm'r U. S., 1st and 2d annual reports. Michigan and its resources. Michigan Journal Education, pts. of vols. 5, 6, 7. 62 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Miscellaneous — Continued : Michigan Teacher, vols. 6, 10, unbound. '' 8, Nos. 1 to 8. Morton's Happiness. Packard's Hessian Fly. Eiley's Shade Tree Defoliators. Sheep Husbandry in U. S. Signal Service reports, 1879. Finley's 600 Tornadoes. Slagg's Sanitary Work. Smithsonian Eeport, 1864. Spalding's English Literature. Transactions American Institute, 1851, 1852, 1863. United States Civil Service Comm., Ist, 3d and 3d, reports. Vasey's Grasses of the South. Wallace's Mo., parts of vols. 1, 3. Warder's Hedges and Evergreens. Wants. The following books we desire to secure in exchange for duplicates mentioned above : Ageicultural Eeports: California, 1861-3, 1884, any since 1885. Colorado, any except 1881-3 and 1886. Illinois, any since 1883. Indiana, first four reports ; 11 to 24 inclusive, 26 and 38, and any since 1883. Iowa, any since 1884. Maine, any since 1884. Massachusetts, 37, 38. Michigan, 1871 and earlier; 1875, 6, 7 and 8, 1881, 2 and 3. Minnesota, all except 3d biennial. Nebraska, any except 1870, 1873. New Brunswick, any except 1868-69, 1876, 1878. New Hampshire, vols. 3, 6, 7, 8, and any since 1884. New Jersey, any since 1885. New York, 1843, 1843. Ohio, 1854, 5, 7, 8, 1877, 1881 and all since 1883. Ontario, 1873-3, and any since 1875. Pennsylvania, any since 1884. South Carolina, any since vol. 3. Tennessee, any except 1887. Wisconsin, 1860, 1874-5 and all since 1881. Agricultural reports and standard works on agriculture always wanted Horticultural Reports: California, any except Nevada Co. Georgia, " but 3d. Illinois, " since 1884. Indiana, « except 4, 6, 7, 14, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. 63 HoRTicuLTUEAL Repoets — Continued : Iowa, any except 1872, 1880. Kansas, 1 to 6 inclusive, 12 and any since 13. Maine, 5 to 10 inclusive and since 1883. Massachusetts, all of 1883 except pt. 1. " " 1882 " " 2. " " 1881 " " 1-2. " " 1880 " " 1-2. ii '' 1879 *' " 2. " " 1878 " "2. ' . Minnesota, any since 1884. Missouri, any before 1879, or since 1884. Montreal, 1, 2, 3. New Jersey, 5 and any since 12. Nova Scotia, any except 1883-4. Ohio, any except 9, 15, 17. Pennsylvania, any except 16, 17, 20, 21, 23. Western New York, any except 23, 25, 29. Wisconsin, 1881-4 and any since 1885. Horticultural works of any kind desired when not already in the collec- tion. Miscellaneous : American Dairymen's Association reports, 1, 3, 7, 10, and any after 12. American Journal of Education, any except 5. American Journal Mathematics, 1st five vols. Annual of Scientific discovery, except from 1860 to 1871 inclusive. Bees, works on desired. Blackwood's magazine before 1865. Botany, works on desired. British Quarterly Review before 1865. Bureau of Education, bulletins, 1871, Nov ; 1872, March, April, June, July ; 1873, No. 5; 1874, No. 2; 1882, No. 1. Burnet's history of the reformation, part 1. Chemical News, previous to vol. 15. Chemistry, early works desired. Coast Survey, 1858 ; any between 1872-80. Contemporary Review, before vol. 34. Edinburgh Review, between vols. 82 and 121. Farmers' papers, early Michigan or other. Fish commission, U. S., any except 1867, 1880, 1-2. Forestry, 1st New York report. " works on, or reports are desired. Fortnightly Review, before 1879. French readers or literature. Geology, works and reports on desired. German readers or literature. \ Journal Chemical Society, 1-2-3-4-5. Journal Franklin Institute, previous to 1882. London Quarterly Review, before 1865. Magazine, American History, 1 to 8 inclusive. 64 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Miscellaneous — Continued: Michigan Journal Education, after vol. 7. " Teacher, after vol. 11. Nation, vol. 1. Nineteenth Century, before 1879. North American Eeview, before 1820. Official Records, War of Eebellion, vols. 3, 4, 5. Pacific R. R. Survey, any after 10. Price's Calculus, vol. 2. School Readers, old Sanders, National, etc. Signal Service U. S., 1874-5, annual reports. Stephen's Pictorial History, War for Union, vol. 2. Vermont Merino Sheep-Breeders' Register, vol. 1. Veterinarian, before 1881. Westminster Review, between vols. 12 and 8B. Young's Annals of Agriculture, vols. 39,44, 45. Zoology, any standard illustrated works on, in French, German or English. M. J. CARPENTER, Librarian, Agricultural College, June 30, 1887. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. To the President of the College : The past year has been a prosperous one for the Horticultural department. The most important effort of this year, as of last year also, has been devoted to student labor. With the increase of the plantations of fruits and vege- tables greater facilities are offered the student in search of a practical train- ing in horticultural operations, and a higher grade of labor is open to all. With this increase of field equipment comes the question as to how much of the manual labor shall be made strictly educational with no remuneration. It is evident, however, that such labor can never attain prominence until we are provided with more supervisors. The finer kinds of horticultural operations demand as great manual skill as do those of the shop or labora- tory, while the work is of necessity so much scattered that nearly every separate gang should have an overseer. It is not expected that all labor shall ever be made educational. Such labor must always be limited by the num- ber of overseers to direct it. I am gratified to know that you are in such hearty sympathy with advancement in this direction, and have such a keen, appreciation of the requirements necessary to its attainment. Few radical departures have been made from the established customs of the college in reference to student labor. The most important innovation, made by the unanimous consent cf the State Board of Agriculture, was the paying of students by the quart instead of by the hour for picking berries. The students entered into the change with willingness, and it was in every way a success. A set of rules was printed and posted, a draft of which is submitted : HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. t?5 All berries are to be picked by the quart, the rate being two cents. Each, picker shall take to the patch one and only one box-holder — the holder carry- ing four boxes — and shall promptly return the same to the packing house when the four boxes are filled. At the close of the day's work each student shall receive a ticket or tickets representing the number of quarts picked. As soon as a picker secures four one-quart tickets he is requested to exchange them for a four-quart ticket, and to exchange five four-quart tickets for one twenty-quart ticket. These tickets are to be presented at the secretary's ■office at the end of the term. Pickers must observe the following rules : 1. All the ripe berries, and no green ones are to be picked. 2. Berries must not be crushed or mussed, and care should be exercised aiot to drop any on the ground, 3. Leaves or litter of any kind must not be allowed in the boxes. 4. Boxes must be rounding full when brought to the packing house. 5. Quantities less than a quart will not be counted in settlement. 6. Pickers must take one side of a row and pick it clean. No skipping from row to row or from plant to plant is allowed. 7. While picking strawberries, students must exercise care not to step on the plants. They must not stand on their knees. 8. So far as passible, the berries must be placed in the shade as soon as a box is filled. In class-room instruction very little change or improvement in methods has been attempted, from the fact that there are no facilities at command for such improvement. When the projected horticultural building is completed it is expected that many new and more satisfactory methods of teaching can be inaugurated. Already there has been some attempt at laboratory work, and each student in the class in horticulture has been obliged to take practice in budding, making of cuttings of various sorts, sowing seeds under glass, prick- ing out, transplanting, repotting, stratification of seeds, etc. Crops in the garden and orchards have been good as a whole, notwith- standing the extreme drouth which prevailed during most of the growing season. The crops of strawberries, pears and apples, especially, have been ^ood. Although there is no time or means provided for the conducting of experi- ments, yet some investigations have been carried on as time would permit. The mere growing of so many kinds of plants for illustration consumes much time and thought, and great vigilance has to be exercised in keeping kinds distinct. Duplicates of many plants are sent to fruit growers about the State, the growers being selected with reference to their ability and facilities for carrying out accurate tests of varieties, I submit herewith notes upon a portion of the experiment work of the year, with supplementary notes, in some cases, from the investigations of others. In this work, as in all else connected with the department, I am under obligations to the painstaking work of my foreman, Mr. C. S. Crandall. WORK OF EXPERIMENT AND OBSERVATION". I. Notes on Tomatoes. II. Notes on Peppers. III. Notes on Onions. 9 66 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. IV. Notes on Strawberries. V. Lists of Fruit and Ornamental Plants Growing at the College. VI. Calendar of Trees and Shrubs. VII. Influence of Certain Chemicals upon Germination. VIII. An Experiment in Apple Culture. IX. Miscellaneous Notes: 1. Bud Variations. 2. Brief Potato Notes. 3. Notes on Crossing and Hybridizing. 4. Which Flower in the Cluster Makes the Apple? 5. Why are Young Trees Barren? 6. Germination of Seeds which have been kept on Ice. 7. Growth of Plants from Soaked Seeds which have been Dried. 8. What do we get in Lawn-grass Seed ? 9. Trees as Shrubs. 10. Effects of last Winter. 11. " Water-proof Fibre " Cloth for Cold Frames. I. Notes on Tomatoes. — The experiment with tomatoes which was inaugurated last year has been carried forward this year upon a much larger scale. All the named varieties offered by American seedsmen were grown, and also all those offered by three leading EurojDean seedsmen, F. & A. Dick- son & Sons, Chester, England; Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie, Paris, France; Eobert Neuman, Erfurt, Prussia. About a dozen plants of each sort were grown. The varieties were arranged consecutively after the classification proposed in my tomato bulletin of last year,* each sort being designated by a number. The plants covered an acre of ground, and comprised 170 num- bers. There were not one hundred and seventy named varieties represented,^ however, as many varieties were duplicated from different countries and various seedsmen. One hundred and ten so-called varieties were grown, not counting those French and German names which are simple equivalents to English names. Seventy-five named sorts were grown last year. A com- plete collection of egg-plants and strawberry tomatoes (Physalis) were also grown. These numerous varieties of tomatoes are not grown for curiosity, nor for the simple purpose of securing a collection of all the known sorts. It has seemed to me worth while to inaugurate an extensive and careful experi- ment upon this invaluable fruit, and for several reasons. The varieties of tomatoes are now so numerous, their nomenclature so much confused, and their individual merits so uniformly praised, that the cultivator is perplexed. There is reason to believe, also, that the limit of improvement of varieties is not yet reached. In order to throw light upon these points, and to make a proper beginning for the breeding of varieties, it is essential that all known varieties should be grown before the eyes of the experimenter. There is the same reason for this proceeding as there is for the mastering of the lit- erature of any subject prior to the actual research upon that subject. There is a too common tendency on the part of experimenters to begin investiga- tions without proper preparation. Two years' experience with many varie- ties of tomatoes has enabled us to understand somewhat of the laws and ♦Notes on Tomatoes, BuUetin No. 19, issued September 30, 1886. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 67 direction of variation in this plant, and to become acquainted with the best sorts now grown. We are now ready to make an intelligent beginning in the crossing and general breeding of varieties. We find, and in the case of other plants as well, that the first year's experiment is chiefly valuable in giving the investigator a general idea of the varieties he grows and in suggesting to him the relationships which can be used in classification and characterization. A classification once made, even though it be not the best, the investigator can facilitate his work by arranging his plants in the field upon its system. Synonymy. — The determination of the duplicates among the many so-called varieties of tomatoes is one of the most obviously practical problems con- nected with this experiment, and one which has received much attention. There is probably no garden plant which is so difficult to study in this respect as the tomato, from the fact that varieties are characterized almost entirely by the color, size, and shape of a fruit which is of all others the most variable. Moreover, the tomato has been in general cultivation so short a time that varieties are not yet fixed. Add to these facts the hasty and bungling methods or lack of method of seedsmen and others in securing the so-called new varieties, the wide variations of the same varieties on dif- ferent soils and under different managements and the frequent mixing of stocks by careless parties, and the task of determining duplicates appears to be almost hopeless. But the very difficulty of the task is all the more reason why it should be grasped. This whole matter of determining the synonymy or the duplicates in cultivated plants, together with the reformation of garden nomenclature, is exceedingly important. None are so well qualified to under- take this work as many of our seedsmen and it seems strange that they should be the very ones who make the work necessary. The time can cer- tainly not be far distant when the most popular seedsmen will be those who exercise the most care in excluding "novelties" and unnecessary varieties. As an example of the manner in which names are sometimes employed and transferred by seedsmen, I cite two cases: The "Large Eed Smooth Eound" is often, at least, a "trade name" used to sell the odds and ends of all varie- ties which are large, red, smooth, and round. A certain firm, wishing to have a tomato of a certain name, which did not exist in the catalogue, had packets printed with the new name, and filled the packets with seeds of a well known variety. In many cases it is almost impossible to detect such a. transfer, on account of the great variableness of the tomato. The same variety from different sources often varies as much as different varieties from the same source. Most of the duplication of varieties, however, is ingenuous. Sorts which appear to be different one year or in one place may appear to be exactly the same in other years or places. Again, the distinctions are often so very slight and subtle and withal so inconstant, that they are very difficult of determination. A certain strain may differ from others in some minor character, which soon disappears. It is utterly impossible to distinguish many of the market varieties solely from written descriptions, and one can never be sure that all his varieties are true to name. Furthermore, he does not know their history, as to whether they are mere selections from the best plants of a given variety, or whether they are of entirely independent origin and are in the process of improving or degenerating. Again, to be sure of the identity or distinction of some sorts, the grower must raise them in consider- able quantity. A dozen plants cannot be expected to show, in all cases. 68 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. the relative constancy of characters. I have distinguished varieties and kept them separate whenever possible, but whenever varieties are so near alike that I can determine no character of even ordinary constancy, they are thrown together under the oldest unobjectionable name. Even though some of these relegated varieties may possess prominent marks in some cases they will, in the main, be found to so closely resemble the variety with which they are placed that the cultivator will fiad no superior quality in them. It would be gratifying to know, however, that seedsmen could turn their attention somewhat in the direction of the elucidation of synonomy rather than in the entanglement of it. Yet, notwithstanding the apparent importance of determining synonyms or duplicates, there are other far more important features of this study of varieties of garden plants. We need to determine the general character- istics and tendencies of the existing varieties, as indicated above, in order to make any safe venture towards improvement. Again, this system of com- paring varieties, of sorting, emphasizes the good and bad qualities of each variety, and at once establishes a standard of excellence. To sort out varie- ties is more important than to sort the fruit for shipment, for its value, influ- ence, extends over many seasons. Tlius it becomes apparent that even if the determination of duplicates, as recorded in the following pages, is not always correct, there is yet a broad and deep value in this system of comparison. If the expert gardener is not able to indorse this disposition of varieties, he can nevertheless obtain good from it. The expert gardener may even be able to find just the particular strain he wants from the subordination of names, for exceedingly like sorts are thrown together. He can pick from a few better than from many. Direction of Variatio7i.* — The Cherry tomato is undoubtedly the orig- inal tomato, from which have come all the varieties of our garden, with the exception of the currant, which represents a distinct species. One of the first variations from the primitive type is the augmentation of cells in the fruit, followed by a tendency to irregularity in shape. Later, the flow- ers become monstrous by the production of an abnormal number of parts. In the synopsis of varieties on a succeeding page, the varieties are arranged in the order of their supposed development, so far as possible in a lineal classification. The true development of- the leading sorts is better repre- sented in the following diagram, on page 69. The figures in the succeeding pages illustrate some of the leading types of tomatoes, and show some of the most striking points of departure from the first type. Fig. 4 illustrates the ordinary tomato foliage, although this is a variation from the smaller and thinner foliage of the Cherry sorts. Fig 5 illustrates the peculiar " curled " foliage of many of the angular sorts. Figs. 9 and 10 show the very singular foliage of the Mikado, Potato Leaf, and Nisbit's Victoria. Fig. 11 represents the habit and foliage of the Orenieror French Upright. Figs. 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 illustrate variations in fruits. The general habit of plants also varies much. ♦For a fuUer discussioa of this subject the reader is referred to an illustrated article by the writer in American Naturalist, June, 1887, 573. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 6& 70 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. The variation in seed production is an interesting and important one. In order to determine something of this variation a pound of fruit was taken from several varieties and the seeds carefully counted. The results are shown in the table : Variety. Red Cherry Kirsch rothe King Humbert King Humbert Criterion Conqueror Large Red Franz gross rothe Hubbard's Curled Leaf Rouge grosge hetive^ Tom Thumb Im.proved Large Yellow Persian The Cook's Favorite Boston Market Fulton Market N. Y. Market Trophy Trophy Trophy Cardinal Livingston's Favorite New Red Apple Tilden Paragon Paragon Emery Acme Mikado French Upright No. of fruits in the pound. 101 68 7 7X 7 6 7 5 7 8 8 13 5 10 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 5 10 i 4 i 5 3 5 No. of seeds in the pound. Average No. of seeds in a fruit. 7,313 73 3-5 4,830 71 1-3 645 92 1-7 703 97 1,095 156 3-7 1,315 303 1-3 1,754 250 4-7 1,480 396 1,310 187 1-7 1,608 201 1,503 187 3-4 3,250 173 1,398 379 3-5 1,457 145 7-10 1,106 184 1-3 1,441 240 1-6 925 154 1-6 886 177 1-5 703 140 3-5 1,450 341 3-3 941 335 1-4 1,166 194 1-3 1,365 273 1,696 169 3-5 763 190 3-4 1,180 295 781 195 1-4 1,256 251 1-5 435 317 1-3 583 116 3 5 Where the Variety was Obtained. Agricultural College (Henderson). Prussia. Agricultural College (Rawson). Prussia. Agricultural College (Gregory). England. England. Prussia. Agricultural College (Nellis). France. Agricultural College (Rawson). Agricultural College (Thorhurn). Agricultural College (Nellis). Prusbia. Agricultural College (Rawson). Agricultural College (Gregory). Agricultural College (Nellis). England. England. Prussia. Thorburn, N. Y. England. Agricultural College (Gregory). Agricultural College (Gregory). Agricultural College (Henderson). Prussia. Agricultural College (Rawson). Prussia. Agricutural College (Henderson). Agricultural College (Thorburn). A careful study of this table reveals, among other important matters, the fact that seed production does not keep pace with increase in weight of fruit, and that seed production bears no constant ratio to degree of development of fruit. To illustrate the first point, it is but necessary to cite a comparison of the Eed Cherry and Paragon, for while the average Paragon fruit is over twenty-four times heavier than the Eed Cherry, its seed production is but HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 71 two and a half to four times greater. The very wide variations in the aver- age numbers of seeds to a fruit, as indicated in the third column of figures, is proof of the second point, i. e., that seed production bears no constant ratio to the degree of development of fruit. It was observed that the seeds from Prussia germinated sooner than those of American growth. This is, no doubt, due to the fact that tomatoes are largely eaten in Germany in a green condition and that seeds are probably saved from green fruits. It is well known that seeds from unripe fruits germinate sooner than do those from ripe fruits. The percentages of germi- nation are low in the German seeds. These facts do not always appear prominently in the synoptical table, as some seeds received from Prussia were not grown there. Training. — The culture of the tomato, being for the most part well under- stood, is not a leading feature in this experiment. However, attention has been given to the best methods. The area in plants was so large this year that no training was given. The plants were allowed to fall upon the ground freely. In a market patch leafless brush was laid alongside the plants and it furnished a considerable support. I am inclined to regard it as desirable in clean ground. The remainder of this paragraph is taken from the tomato bulletin issued last year. Three methods of training were employed this year, and another method last year. All the experimental tomatoes were tied to one, two, or three stakes about four feet high. This method has many disadvantages. It requires much labor to tie the plants, a labor which must be repeated at short intervals throughout the growing season. The tomatoes do not ripen evenly and early and it requires extraordinary time and labor to pick them from the dense mass of stems and foliage. Although the outlay for the stakes is small, this method of training is still the most expensive of the four. La^t year we laid old boards lengthwise the rows and close to the plants, supporting them upon pieces of scantling or blocks laid upon the ground, and placed straw upon the boards. This method kept the tomatoes clean, but it appeared to increase the rot. It certainly caused the lower ripe tomatoes to rot prematurely. In our market patch this year we adopted two sorts of racks. The first was a separate rack for each plant. A stake was driven on either side of the plant, about fifteen inches from it, and leaning so as to make an angle of about twenty degrees with the perpendicu- lar. Upon these stakes three cross-slats were nailed, in the manner of a lad- der. The plant was allowed to lop upon the racks. It was found necessary to tie it, however, and even then branches slipped oif or broke themselves over the slats. The second of these racks was continuous throughout the row. About every six or eight feet a stout stake was driven on either side of the row and fifteen inches from the plant, the stakes when firmly driven standing some over a foot high. A strip of old boards was nailed near the tops of the posts along either side of the row. Then edgings were tacked across from one side to the other, four about each plant and a foot apart. The plant now found itself growing up between the horizontal edgings, and as it began to lop the rack held it above the ground. Upon this simple rack the tomatoes needed no tying nor training and they spread themselves freely to the sunlight. The circulation of the air under the racks was so free that there was no unusual danger from rot. This is decidedly the best rack which we have tried. We noticed, also, that the fruit ripened more uniformly here than on the plants which were tied to stakes. » 72 .DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Tomafo Rot. — This disease, ■which works such sad havoc in the toinatc» patch, has not yet been thoroughly studied by plant pathologists. It first appears as a slight spotty discoloration about the apex of the tomato, grad- ually extending and becoming darker until the whole top of the fruit sinks in. The disease attacks the fruits at any time after they are a third or quarter grown. It threatens to become a serious obstacle to tomato growing. It is commonly supposed that in such dry years as the present rots are not prevalent. Tomato rot is, of course, of fungous origin. The miscoscope reveals abundance of bacteria and the mycelium of some higher fungus, a& well as occasional isolated septate spores. Professor Arthur* has made numerous inoculations from cultures of the bacteria but has not produced the rot. Hence he concludes that some higher fungus produces the disease; As yet we know of no remedy or preventive. The first preventive which suggests itself is to plant varieties which are least liable to attack. E. S. Goff f is of the opinion that the fruits on the most vigorous plants are most liable. Such has not been our observation. We occasionally observe plants in no way distinguishable from others, which are nearly exempt, while all the- contiguous plants are much affected. As there is no reason to suppose that the disease is conveyed in the seeds, it would seem that its appearance is accidental. It is singular that the angular varieties (see Synopsis), the cherry and pear-shaped varieties and those immediately derived from them, have been almost exempt from attack. The disease ceased to do much- damage late in the season. Abundant use of stable manure appears to augment the disease. The- worst cases of rot this year occurred upon plants grown upon a freshly turned sod which had been previously dressed with manure, on sandy land. Our market and experimental patches were grown upon land which had not been cropped with tomatoes for years, if, indeed, it had ever beeu so cropped, yet the rot was as bad as upon a row of plants grown purposely upon the site of our last year's experimental plat and where the rot was very abundant. Thi* agrees with a similar experiment conducted by Professor Arthur. J Productiveness. — One representative plant of each variety was selected for particular observation. The fruits were picked and weighed as fast as they matured. September 24, when the plants had been killed by frost, all the remaining fruit, ripe and green, was picked, counted, and weighed, and the plant itself was then weighed. The Synoptical Table records these results, as^ well as the aggregate number and weight of fruits, the average weight of a single fruit, and the ratio of weight of crop to weight of plant. Although these results show the characteristics of individual plants rather than of varieties, they are nevertheless interesting and valuable. A careful study of the table will afford much instruction upon productiveness, earliness, etc. The most prolific variety — the one which shows the greatest ratio of fruit to weight of plant — is not always the most profitable, even when earlinesa and quality are not to be considered ; that is, the plant itself must not be too large, else the cost of training it will be too great. The lowest plant is usually the most profitable. Some of the best ratios of productiveness — of weight of fruit to weight of plants — occur in the Cherry and similar tomatoes which are entirely unprofit- able on account of the small size of the individual fruits. It appears, there- *Rep. N. Y. Exp. Sta., iii., 379. + Rep. K. Y. Exp. Sta., iv., 183. * Rep. N. Y. Exp. Sta., iv., 250. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 75 fore, that cultivation has not increased productiveness equally with size of fruit. Neither has it made earlier plants, for, as shown by the table, the Cherry and Plum sorts are still our earliest varieties. Cultivation has made the tomato profitable by increasing the size of the fruit and by making it more solid. Cultivation has bred away from profitable results as concerns the relations of tomato rot to the various varieties. The more highly devel- oped tomatoes are most liable, apparently, to be attacked by rot. In view of all these facts, it is apparent that we have not yet reached the limit of devel- opment, improvement in the tomato. For purposes of comparison, I have appended to the table a table made last year, showing the weight of fruit and plant, and the ratio of the former to the plant. The weights in these cases were obtained by weighing all the fruit at once, ripe and green, as soon as the first picking was well matured, and the plant was weighed at the same time. In this table the weights are in pounds, while in the first they are expressed in ounces. Last year the highest ratios of productiveness occurred in Mikado, Trophy, Canada Victor, Hundred Days, Precursor, and Livingston's Beauty. It will be observed that the ratios are higher this year than they were last. This is due to the fact that last year the plants were grown upon a very rich and warm soil, which made an enormous growth of vines, while this year they were grown upon a rather backward soil without manure. Our crop was heavier this year than last and easier to gather. Best Varieties. — Taken altogether, we find that, this year, the best market sorts are Acme (No. 57 in Synopsis), Paragon (50), Queen (44), Puritan (53), Optimus (51), Red Valencia Cluster (45), Potato Leaf (58), Mikado (59), and Yellow Jefferson (33). Jackson (21) and Ignotum (52) also promise well, but need to be further tested. In fact, Ignotum was this year our best tomato. Cypliomandra. — The so-called Tree Tomato of Jamaica was reared from seeds last year and two plants were carried over winter in the green- house. They were potted out in the spring. They grew well, attaining a height of eight feet. They blossomed profusely during the fall, but did not set fruit. We shall carry them over another year. This curious plant is a. native of tropical America, a member of the Solanum family, though not a tomato. It is Cyphomandra betacea. It has been widely distributed through the tropics of late years. The fruit more nearly resembles an egg-plant fruit than a tomato. We have also grown it this year from seeds from Peru which were sent us as the '' Chileno Tomato." Of course the plant is valueless irii this climate. 10 74 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. SYNOPSIS OF CULTIVATED TOMATOES. Fig. 1. I. LYCOPBRSICUM PIMPINELLIFOLIUM Dunal, Solan. Syn. 3 (1816). Solnnum pimpinellifolium Linn. Sp. PI. Ed. ii. 265. Solanum racemi- gerum Vilmorin. Lycopersicum racemosum of gardens. Solanum race- niflorum Vilmorin, PI. Pot. 560, not Dunal. Leaflets round-ovate, obtuse, entire ; plants, more slender and more diffuse than in L. esculentum. 1. Currant, Fig. 1. {Rothe Johannisheerfruchten.) This a native of Peru and Brazil. It has probably not been long in culti- vation. It is evidently the Grape or Cluster tomato of Burr's "Vegetables of America," 1863. The species has not yet been modified by domestication. The fruits are clear, bright red, somewhat larger than a very large currant, and are borne in long, two-ranked clusters. The plant is very ornamental. If trained upon a trellis, near a window, it would make one of the most attractive screens. The whole aspect of the plant is delicate. College from Thorburn, Prussia. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. ?5 II. LYCOPERSIOUM ESOULENTUM Miller, Gard. Diet. (1768). Solanuni Lycopersicum Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 150 (1753). Lycopersicum cerasiforme Dunal, Hist. Sol. 113 (1813). L. pyriforme Dunal, 1. c. 112. L. escu- lentum var. cerasiforme Gray, Bot. Cal. i. 538; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. ii. part i. 226. Leaflets ovate-acuminate or lance-ovate, variously cut and parted. This, the ordinary tomato, is a native of Peru. The original wild type is "the form designated by botanists as Lycopersicum cerasiforme, ''cherry tomato " of the gardens. The Cherry tomato is still known in a wild state in South America, and it is either indigenous or spontaneous as far north as the lower border of Texas. It is distinguished from the ordinary market tomatoes by its weaker growth and its small, regular, spherical, two-celled fruit. It appears to have been early cultivated in Peru, there developing into some form of the common tomato. The first effect of domestication appears to have been the increasing of the number of cells in the fruit. This increase of cells is due in part to the doubling of the flowers by cultivation, and in part to the growth of adventitious cells after the fruit is partly grown. In some of the large irregular tomatoes I flnd as many as twenty cells. The dark **ring" which appears on the top of overgrown tomatoes marks a rupture, very gradual to be sure, of the cell divisions by the interposition, the forc- ing-in of new cells. These more or less developed new cells are often indi- cated by the excrescences within the "ring." They are very conspicuous in the singular Turk's Cap variety. Fig. 7. The pear-shaped tomatoes, hereto- fore called Lycopersicum pyriforme, are evidently only cultural sports from either the original Cherry tomato or its garden offspring. The pear-shaped and the larger garden tomatoes are unknown in a wild state. The tomato was grown in Europe in 1561,* and probably earlier. In 1583 the fruit was eaten upon the continent "dressed with pepper, salt and oil."t English authors speak of it in 1597]; and 1656 §, but mention it as grown for curiosity only. In 1752 Miller** records its use in England for flavoring soups. In 1819 ff four red varieties were grown in Europe: Large Love Apple or Tomate grosse. Small Love Apple or Tomate petite. Pear-shaped Love Apple or Tomate en poire, and the Cherry Love Apple or Tomate cerise. There were two yellow varieties: Large Yellow Love Apple and Cherry Yellow Love Apple or Tomate petite jauue. As early as 1623 J J four sorts were known, the yellow, golden, red, and white. The white variety was even known to Besler in 1613. §§ Tournefort,*** 1700, mentions seven sorts, among them one which was pale red. At the beginning of the nineteenth century three of these old varieties were unknown, the white, golden and pale red. As these are now present in our gardens, we must suppose that they have been re-originated. The cultivation of the tomato for market dates from about 1800 in England and about 1830 ia this country. In 1847**** three varieties were grown for the table in the United States, the Large Red, Large Smooth Red, and the Pear-shaped. The Cherry tomato appears to have been grown * Anguillaria, Simp., 317. t Dodonsei Stirp. Hist, 455. JGerarde, Herbal le, 275. § Parkinson, Paradisus. ** Gardener's Diet. +t Hort. Trans. Lond. iii., 347. tX Caspar Bauhin, Pinax, 167. §§ Hortus Eystitensis. ***Inst. Rei Herb, i., 1.50. **** Buist's Family Kitchen Gardener, 126. 76 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. as a curiosity. During the last twenty-five years a perplexing catalogue of new varieties has been presented. Many of the varietal names current a few years ago have become extinct, although it is probable that most of the varieties which they represented are still grown under other names. The following are some of the old names which do not appear in catalogues this year and which we have not been able to secure: Giant Apple, Improved Apple, Large Ked Oval Fruited, Mexican, Round Yellow, Seedless, White's Extra Early, Funchal, Early York, Maupay's Superior, Mammoth Chihuahua, Foard, Eureka, Chorlton's Prolific, Sim's Early Cluster, Grape Shot, How- ard, Lyman's Mammoth Cluster, New Japanese, Fainted, Powell's, Red Chief, Triumph, Jones's Early Hybrid, Standard Market, and Shipping. A. Cekasiforme. — Cherry tomatoes. Plant weak, requiring support if held from the ground; leaves ordinary; fruit small, (usually about -^ in. in diameter), spherical, regular and two-celled. — Lycopersiciim cerasiforme Dunal. 2. Red Cherry. Desirable for pickles and preserves. The Kirscli rotJie from Prussia gave us larger fruits than the plants from American seeds, the fruits often measuring over an inch in diameter. Cerise, from France, also averaged somewhat larger and exhibited a greater tendency to become irregular. That is, in the Old World, where these small sorts are more popular than with us, the Red Cherry appears to have developed away from its first form somewhat. — College from Henderson, Prussia, France.* 3. Yellow Cherry. Like the last except in color. Gelbe Kirsch from Prussia averages twice larger than fruits from American seeds, and the fruits have a greater tendency to become irregular. — College from Thorburn, Prussia. B. Ptrifoeme. — Pear and Plum tomatoes. Plant nearly as in section A. (No. 5 has the foliage of section D); fruit more or less pear-shaped, conspicuously pendant, two-celled. Lycopersicum pyriforme Dunal. Attractive varieties, peculiar in shape, excellent for preserves, pickles, etc^ 4. Pear. {Queen of Tomatoes of Dickson, Poire, of Vilmorin, Fear of Ferry and some others, but not of Henderson and some other seeds- men.) Fruit 1^ inches or less long, red, very much contracted at the base. Fig. 2. — England, France. 5. NishU's Victoria. Fruit almost identical with the last, but the leaves large and leaflets few, as in the Mikado. An English variety, said to have been grown from seeds of the Hathaway, but this statement needs verifica- tion. College from Nellis, England. Fig. 3 6. Fig. ( Wonder of Italy. Rothe Birn). Much larger than the *The expressions, " College from Henderson," " College from Thorburn," etc., are meant to record the fact that the seeds came from the seedsmen named last year (1886j and that the seed for this year was grown from that stock in the college garden. Such expressions as " College from Hender- 8on and Thorburn " indicate that the seed was secured last year from both the seedsmen named. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 77 last, 2 inches long by 1| inches broad at the top, variable in shape, but usually obscurely pear shaped, very firm, red. Fig. 3. Figured and described in Burr's Vegetables of America, 634. — Burpee, Prussia. 7. Red Plum. {Pear of Henderson and others, and the Pear-shajjed of our last report.) Fruit 1-^ to 2 inches long, scarcely pear-shaped, tending rather towards the shape of an oblong plum, bright red. This fruit should never pass as a pear tomato. — College from Henderson. 8. Yelloto Phim, Like the last except in color. — College from Henderson. Fig. 3. '0. VuLGARE. — Common market tomatoes. Plant as in sections A and B> except usually more vigorous, the foliage coarser; fruit commonly as broad as long or broader, usually more than two celled. Many of the varieties of this section are direct developments from the Cherry and Plum varieties, and in some cases are scarcely distinguishable from them except in size. It is thought best, however, to keep sections Cerasiforme and Pyriforme apart from this, as they represent the nearest approach to the original wild tomato. Group 1. The Oblong Tomatoes. Fruit usually as long or longer than broad, the walls very thick and firm, the placentae usually not nieet- ing the inside of the wall, causing the fruit to feel as if hollow. 9. Ki?ig Humbert. Fruit two and a half to three inches deep, by an inch or inch and a half broad, fig-shaped, regular, or nearly so; bright red, not ripening simultaneously on the stem end, two or three celled, scarcely acid. A short remove from the Fig tomato. One of the best tomatoes for pickles and preserves. A European variety, introduced by the Rural New Yorker, and figured in that journal Nov. 8, 1884. In its small and regular forms it is very much like the Fig. The Trentham Fillbasket, from England, was mixed, some of the plants bearing fruits like the King Humbert. I am not informed as to which plants the name should apply. — College from Rawson, England, France, (fruits smaller) Prussia. (The seeds from Prussia were grown in France. ) 10. Criterion. (VicJc's Criterion.) Average fruits two to two and a half inches deep, and two inches broad, obscurely angled, more or less squared at the ends, pink-purple, commonly, two or three celled. Occasionally, by the interposition of adventi- tious cells, the fruit broadens, becoming three times broader than deep. Such fruits, growing on the same plant with those which are almost pear-shaped, illustrate the process through which our garden tomatoes have been developed from the wild type. — College from Gregory and Henderson, England. 78 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Group 2. The Angular Tomatoes. Fruit medium or below in size^ mostly very flat, plane on top, more or less cornered, the lobes most conspicuous on the bottom and sides, red. This is the type of the original Large Red, the first market tomato. The type is almost lost in many of our later improvements, and it is now too inconstant, perhaps, to be relied upon as a sectional character. In all charac- ters used in distinguishing cultural varieties, however, one must rely only upon the average of many observations. The old Large Eed was mostly dropped from cultivation some fifteen or sixteen years ago. We have grown it this year from English seeds. In 1818* tomatoes in England averaged about twenty pounds of fruit to the plant, some Fig. 4. * Hort. Trans. Lond., III., 316. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 7& plants producing as high as forty pounds. The largest fruits some- what exceeded twelve inches in circumference and weighed twelve ounces. These were probably the Large Eed variety. Aside from the Cherry and Plum tomatoes, the fruits of this group are among the very earliest of tomatoes. The group is peculiar in the dwarf habit of the plants and in the tendency of the leaves to " curl " or roll up on the edges. This rolling of the foliage gives the plant a singular. I'IG. 5. wilted appearance. Fig. 5, the foliage of Tom Thumb, shows this character. It should be studied in connection with Fig. 4, which represents the foliage of the Paragon mostly characteristic of the variety in this group, and I have therefore made some use of it in the classification which follows. The peculiar angular character of the typical fruits of this group is well illustrated in Fig. 6, the Early Dwarf Eed. This illus- tration should be com- pared with that of the Paragon, Fig. 8. The doarree of the " curl " is Fig. tj. 80 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. * Leaflets plane or nearly so; i. e., not conspicuously "curled." 11. Orangefield. {Dwarf Or angefield. Orangejield Dwarf Prolific.) Plant medium in size and growth : fruit small, scarcely angled, nearly as long as broad (about one and a half inches deep in ordinary specimens), yellowish-red, rather soft, of ten two-celled. — Evidently a short remove from the Red Cherry, rather than from the Large Red. Said to be of Euglish origin. Not desirable. At the Chiswick (England) test it was found that in the Orange- field ''the fruits are very large and corrugated or ribbed." That variety was surely not ours. It was said to be identical with the Large Red Italian. This year the fruits were much less angled than last year, although the plants were grown from seeds of the last year's fruit. There is an evident reversion to the Cherry tomato. Suggests No. 30. — College from Sibley. 12. Eiformige Dauer. A pretty variety, uniform in size and shape, average speciaiens measuring nearly or quite two inches across, conspicuously angled, often nearly square ; firm ; very bright orange- red. Looks as the Orangefield did last year. (See No. 53.) — Prussia. 13. Hundred Days. {Riindert Tagige.) Fruit two to three inches across and usually less than an inch and a half deep, mostly much angled, dark red. The Stamfordian from Dickson, Eng- land, appeared to be the same. — College *from Thorburn, Prussia. 14. Cedar Hill. Much like the last, but averaging larger. — Prussia. 15. Conqueror. Fruit large for this group (often four inches or more broad), oblong, bright dark red and densely sprinkled, especially below, with very small golden yellow dots. Said to be a cross between the General Grant and the Keyes. Intro- duced in 1874. The dense sprinkling of golden dots is not pres- ent in most of the recent strains of this variety. With us this year it showed most in fruits raised from English seeds, and least on those raised from Prussian seeds. The stocks of this variety are apparently much mixed. The fruit is variable and irregular. It is valuable only for its earliness, and should now be displaced by better sorts. — College from Henderson, Prussia, England. 16. Large Red. Fruit two to four inches across, very conspicu- ously angled and cornered, tending to bend downwards at the ends and become "ringed" on top. More cornered than Conqueror and averaging larger. This is evidently the same as the original Large Red. It is still a good tomato. — England. The Rouge grosse (*' Large Red") of Vilmorin is larger than this, usually more sharply angled, and lighter colored, later. It is much the same as Jackson, but is lighter and somewhat firmer. It is a very fine strain. Franz gross rothe of Neumann is evidently the same as the English Large Red above. 17. Early Richmond. Scarcely distinguishable from Large Red, except that it was somewhat earlier this year. — Landreth. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 81 18. Bermuda {Bei-muda Extra Early). Like the last and Large Red, only that it was later than either. — Landreth. 19. Precursor. Mach less cornered than the Large Eed or Con- queror, without any sprinkling of golden yellow spots. As compared with Tom Thumb, the fruit averages a little larger and darker colored, — College from Nellis. 20. Cluster. {Extra Early). Scarcely differs from the last, except in its earliness. — Landreth. 21. Jackson. {Jackson^s Favorite). Larger than the Large Eed, the surface, especially beneath, usually covered with minute golden dots. Larger and more uniform and better in* shape than the Conqueror. A good variety. — England. 22. Turk's Cap. {Turkei^lund). Plants producing many slender, up-^ right shoots; fruit one and one- half to two inches across, nearly spherical, crowned by a singular, irregular mass of protruded, fleshy cells. Fig. 7. Valuable only as a curiosity. — Prussia. "** Leaflets much involute or *^ curled." 23. Early Diuarf Red. {Rouge tiaine hative. Friihe rathe ziverg.) Nor- mal fruits about two inches across by one inch deep, dark orange red, conspicuously angled or even cor- nered. — England, France, Prussia, the Prussian specimens being earlier. 24. Hubbard's Curled Leaf. {Kraushldtter. Rouge grosse hative.) Fruit somewhat larger than that of the last, not so conspicu- ously squared. As compared with Tom Thumb, the plant is larger, leaflets less curled, fruit more variable in size and shape and approaching more nearly the character of the apple-shaped sorts. — College from Nellis, Prussia, France. 25. Keyes. {Reyes' Early Prolific.) Fruit rather small, about two inches across by one inch deep, the angles few and large and giving the fruit a regular and even shape peculiar in this group. Leaflets much curled, larger than in most of the group. An old sort. — Prussia. ^6. Tom Ihumb. Plant small, two to two and a half feet high when tied; leaflets very much curled, so that the upper surface is often nearly hidden; fruit early, the larger specimens from two to three inches across, usually less than an inch and a half deep, mostly much angled, clear light red, firm and meaty. A joretty sort, strongly resembling Hundred Days. 27. Ge&treifte. ("Striped.") In shape the fruit is much like that of Hubbard's Curled Leaf, but it is streaked and splashed with irregular lines of orange, or sometimes, even, the orange is pre- dominant, the I'ed assuming the position of stripes. Curious. — Prussia. 11 Fig 7. 83 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Group 3. The apple-shaped tomatoes. Fruit various in size or shape^ but in normal forms more or less rounded on top, the monstrous or overgrown specimens developing a scar-like line or ring on the tip and the ends of the fruit turning downwards. The Acme tomato and the Paragon may be taken as types of this division. Fig- ure 8, illustrating a fruit of the Paragon, shows about the typical form of the fruit of this group. Fig. 8. * Fruit yellotv or yelloioish-tuhite. 28. Green Gage. A small cherry-like sort, the fruits measuring about one and one-fourth or one and one-half inches in diameter, mostly spherical, sometimes slightly oblong. — College from Henderson. This sort and the three next are valuable only for home use, especially in the making of pickles, etc. The foliage in this and some of its immediate allies tends to become " curled " as in most of the angular sorts. 29. Large Yelloio. {Jaune ronde grosse.) Large and rounder than the last, two inches in diameter Green Gage from Dickson, mostly, and from Neumann are the same as this. — College from Sibley, England, France, Prussia. 30. Improved Large Yelloiv. Darker in color than the last (orange), firmer, slightly angled. The fruits this year, raised from last year's fruits, were not so much angled as were those grown last year. Here, as in a few other casesi" there appears to be some reversion towards the cherry type. Perhaps this should be closely associated with Orangefield, No. 11. — College from Thorburn. 31. White Apple. {New White Apple. JVellis' Snotvhall. Ivory Ball. Apfil weisser.) Fruit small and spherical, occasionally somewhat irregular, an inch or inch and a half in diameter, nearly white in color, soft, often two-celled. Valuable only as a curiosity. — College from Thorburn and Nellis, Landreth, Prussia. 32. Golden Queen. A short remove from the Large Yellow, flattish, reaching two and a half inches in diameter, and often becom- ing slightly angular, bright yellow. Smaller than last year. — College from Eawson. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 83 33. Yelloiv Jefferson. {Sunset.) Eounder than the last, not inclin- ing to become aogular, strongly resembling a Paragon in size and shape, bright yellow, often with a red cheek. The most promising of the yellow tomatoes. — Leonard (Chicago) and .Tillinghast. 34. Golden Trophy. (Telloiv Victor. Jauve grosse lisse.) Strongly resembling Trophy in shape, but running a little smaller and often becoming somewhat angular; color, incostant, usually bright yellow, often shading into orange or red. Apt to become irregular. — College from Eawson and Gregory, France. 35. Persian. In shape and size very similar to the Conqueror; whitish-yellow. Evidently the White of Burr's Vegetables of America, 640. — College from Nellis. **Fruit red or yelloioisli-red. 36. Little Gem. Small (one and one-half to two inches in diameter), regular, spherical or slightly flattened. A phort remove from the cherry tomatoes. It differs from Large Yellow apparently only in color. The Little Gem from Neumann was an angular sort, much like Hubbard's Curled Leaf. — Gregory. 37. The GooWs Favorite. Somewhat larger than the last (from one and one-half to two and one-half inches in diameter), firmer and better, somewhat angled. Apparently a step farther removed than the last from the cherry sorts.— College from Gregory, Prussia. 38. Boston ^far^cet. {Fulton Market. Extra Early Red of Ferry. General Grant. Alpha.) Fruit flattened, in average specimens about three inches broad the longest way by an inch and a half deep, somewhat cornered, bright clear red, firm. The fruit inclines to become double and distorted. I can detect no constant or important distinctions between the several named varieties here combined with Boston Market. Fulton Market is perhaps inclined to be more regular, and to bear a well marked suture on one side. The General Grant, as figured and described at the time of its introduction (about 1870), was much more regular in shape than at present. These sorts possess little merit at the present day. — College from Rawson (Boston Mar- ket), Collt ge from Gregory, Prussia (Fulton Market), College from Henderson, Prussia, (General Grant), College from Thor- burn (Alpha). 39. Faultless. {Farguhnr's Faultless). Probably not distinct from the last, but appearing to run larger and more regular. — Gregory. 40. Ntto York Market. Fruit mostly large and regular, about four inches across by two to two and one-half inches deep, bright light red ; larger than Boston Market. — College from Nellis. 41. Canada Victor. Inconstant in size and shape, usually consid- erably flattened ; about four inches broad by two deep, variously lobed ; bright light red ; solid. A popular variety formerly, but, as grown here this year and last, possessing no superior merits. — College from Henderson, Prussia. 42. Trophy. {Nellis' Selected Trojjhy. Henderson' s Extra Selected 84 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Trophy. Reed^s Island Beauty. Island Beauty.) The typical Trophy is flattish, about four or five inches across by two and a half deep, regular, or very nearly so, often producing a small, regular ring on top, bright light red, with some shading of orange red, firm. In this form it is a good tomato. It is •exceedingly liable to grow too large and irregular, however. The so-called selected stocks have shown no improvement over the ordinary stocks. The Trophy is evidently not so good as formerly. Our crop this year, from seeds of last year's crop, showed a much greater per cent of poor fruits than the crop of 1886. Introduced in 1870 by Col. Geo. E. Waring, Newport, K. I. — College from Henderson and Nellis, England, France, (Trophy) ; College from Henderson and Thorburn (Island Beauty). Hackioood Park Prolific, from Dickson, Santa Catharina from Neu- mann, and Blounts' Champion Cluster from Alneer Bros., Rock- ford, 111 , were indistinguishable from Trophy. 43. Bronze Foliage Trophii. Stems, veins on the under side of the young leaves, and leaf-margins colored with indistinct, dark violet-purple, and the leaves darker dull green than in other plants; fruit similar to the last, later When the plants are young, the "bronze" was very marked, and throughout the season the darker color of the plants is noticeable at some dis- tance. — College from Thorburn. 44. Queen. {Cardinal. Ne^o Cardinal. Prize Belle. Livingston's Favorite. Market Champion. Champion. MilVs Belle.) Fruit very uniform, seldom contorted, flattened, ordinary specimens three to four inches across, and two inches deep, slightly lobed, somewhat angled, glossy, yellowish red, firm and handsome. Valuable. This is an extreme development of the Angular tomatoes ; one of the most attractive varieties. Mamuth trauhan from Neumann appeared to be inseparable from Queen. — College from Nellis (Queen), College from Nellisand Hender- son and Sibley, Thorburn, Root, Prussia, England (Cardinal), College from Buist, Tillinghast (Belle), College from Sibley and Henderson, England (Livingston's Favorite), College from Ford and Son (Market Champion), Prussia (Champion), Prussia (Mamuth Trauban), F. B. Mills, Thorn Hill, N. Y. (Mill's Belle.) Glatte American, from Neumann, also appears to be Queen. 45. Red Valencia Cluster. Fruit somewhat more angular than No. 44, more uniform in size and ripening. Probably not distinct from the last. A handsome sort. — College from Thorburn. 46. Essex. {Essex Round Red Smooth. Not "Essex Hybrid," for which see Acme.) Differs from the last, as it grew this year, in its smaller size. Perhaps not distinct. — College from Gregory. 47. Hathawag. {Hathaiuay^s Excelsior, New Red Apjjle.) Or- dinary fruit nearly spherical, one and a half to two and a h^ inches in diameter, perfectly regular, bright light red. A favorite sort. The New York Station regards Livingston's Favorite as the same as this. With us, however, the Favorite retains too much of the angled type to be associated with Hath- HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 85 away. The Hathaway appears to be a direct cjevelopment of the cherry or plum tomato, while the other is evidently a develop- ment from the old Large Red. As compared with Essex, No. 46, Hathaway, is firmer, rounder, and has a greater tendency tO' crack about the stem. — College from Henderson, Root, England, France, Prussia (Hathaway), College from Gregory (New Red Apple). 48. Tilden. This variety, once so popular, appears to have run out. As grown this year the fruits were very small, irregular and worthless. Last year the fruits were somewhat larger, though smaller than Hathaway. When first introduced, now many years ago, if was a large tomato. In the tomato test at Chis- wick, England, in 1867, Tilden was thought to be the same as such large sorts as Red Valencia Cluster, Lester's Perfected and New Giant Fiji Islands. Our stock may not be true. — College from Gregory, Landreth. 49. Advance. {Extra Early Advance). A small sort like the Hathaway, but earlier, the plant lower and smaller, and the fruit usually smaller (two inches or less in diamater). Hatha- way from J. B. Root & Co. was evidently this variety, both in habit of plant and earliness. (For statement of earliness see synoptical Table). — College from Ford & Son, Burpee. 50. Paragon. Fruit constant in size and shape, three to four inches across and two inches deep, usually perfectly regular when ripe, bright light red, firm, and good. One of the best for main, crop. Fig. 8. — College from Henderson, Prussia. I cannot distinguish the following from Paragon: New Jersey (Lan- dreth, Thorbum), Arlington (Gregory), Livingston's Perfection (College from Henderson, France), Emery (College from Rawson),. Autocrat (College from Sibley), Mayflower (College from Hender- son, Root, Prussia), Scoville (College from A. D. Perry & Co.,. Syracuse, N. Y., and from Perry again this year). 51. Optimus. A regular, meaty fruit, much like a good strain of ' Paragon; prolific. — D. M. Ferry & Co. 52. Ignotum. Fruit large to very large, regular, in shape like a large Paragon, exceedingly heavy and solid, keeping long. This variety appeared among plants which came from Prussian seeds bought for Eiformige Dauer. Other plants from the same lot of seeds produced small, angular fruits, and these plants I have taken to be the ones intended by the name Eiformige Dauer (see No. 12), and I have given, provisionally,, the name Ignotum to this other and better sort. This is the best tomato which we grew this year. It may be an extra good strain of Paragon. 53. Puritan. Fruit large, solid, uniform, much like an extra fine Paragon, only that it tends to become slightly angled. Very fine. — Rawson. 54. President Garfield. Fruits very large, much doubled and con- torted. Shapeless and worthless. — France. *** Fruits pinlc or pink jnirple. 55. Peach. Plants producing many upright branches when allowed to fall upon the ground ; foliage fine ; fruit small and spherical 86 DEPARTMENT REPOKTS. (one and one-half to two inches in diameter), very regular and uniform, indistinctly mottled with purple or red purple, the surface roughish, often two-celled, the juice very dark colored. A singular sort. — Landreth. 56. Feejee. {Fcpjee Island. Lester's Perfected). Fruit large and commonly irregular, often more or less contorted and bearing the brown elognated or circular scar on the apex, very firm, late. Not valuable. A notion was once current that this tomato was introduced from the Feejee Islands. It is said by White to have been brought into the vicinity of Athens, Georgia, from Naples, Italy, as long ago as 1848. Probably the first of the pink tomatoes. — College from Henderson, Prussia. 57. Acme. {Rochester. Rochester Favorite. Livingston's Beauty. Climax. Hovey. Essex Hybrid). Variable in size, but ordi- narily running about like the Paragon and differing from it chiefly in color. Acme was introduced in 1877. One of the best varieties in cultivation. — College from Henderson and Gregory, England, France, Prussia (Acme), College from Gregory and Sibley (Favorite), College from Rawson, Living- ston (Livingston's Beauty), College from Rawson (Climax), Fig. 9. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 87 D. College from Thorburn and again from Thorburn this year (Hovey), College from Henderson (Eisex Hybrid). Geandifolium. — Large-leaf tomatoes. Habit and fruit as in section C; leaves very large ; leaf- lets fewer than com- mon (about two pairs), large (the blade thre to four inches long and an inch and a half wide), entire, the lower side strongly decurrent. Leaves of the young plants en- tire ! The terminal leaflet is often six inches long and four or more inches broad. This peculiar foliage occurs in Nisbit's Vic- toria also. Fruit pink. Fig. 9 shows the pe- culiar foliage of this section, and Fig. 10, much reduced, shows a single leaf. Fig. 10. 58. Potato Leaf. Fruit very regular and uniform, very much like Acme. Evidently a very fine sort, more uniform in size and shape of fruit than the next. — Livingston. 59. Mikado. {Turner Hybrid). Fruit very large, usually irregular, much resembling Trophy, only that the color is pinkish-purple. Too irregular to be recommended. Figs. 9 and 10. — College from Henderson, England (Mikado), College from Burpee and again from Burpee this year (Turner Hybrid) Maule (Maule's $1600 strain). E. Validum. — Upright tomato. Stem very thick and stout, the plants nearly sustaining themselves, two to two and a h;ilf feet high ; leaves very dark green, short and dense, the leaflets wrinkled and more or les.? recurved. An odd plant with much the aspect of a potato plant. Fig. 11. 88 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Fig, 11. 60. French Upright or Tomate de Laye {Tree Tomato. Tomate a Tige Roide). Fruit very irregular on the sides and base, more or less cornered, nearly as large as Trophy, flattened, bright yellowish-red, very solid and very late. Used for pot culture in France. A chance seedling in the garden of M. de Fleurieux, raised by Grenier, his gardener, some thirty years ago, at Chat- eau de Laye, near Villefranche, France. Fig. 11. — College from Thorburn, France, Prussia. 61. Station. Plant indistinguishable from the last; fruit much smaller (one and one-half to two and one-half inches in diame- ter), uniform in size, nearly regular. A cross between the French Upright and Alpha, reared at the N. Y. Experiment Station. The Alpha was the male parent. Figured and described in American Garden, December, 1886, 364. — N. Y. Experiment Station. 11. Notes o^ Peppers. — Thirty-five named sorts of peppers were grown this year. The varieties made an attractive collection, especially as they presented many various forms and colors of fruit and varied habits of growth. In fact, the fruit of the pepper varies into almost every shape. From the T^OT-E.— Cincinnati Purple from D. M. Ferry & Co., was evidently untrue, as none of the plants- produced pink or purple fruits. HORTICULTQRE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 88a % to •zo 'jqSiaAV .t- . . . M P, ..— 1 . . . ..... cd d •adu 'Ofj .« . . . 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S S ® J oogo I o ■ 1— 1 1 \ii P 5 OS pi 1 2«w.a l^p-a CO j-,^ o a fa 8 (B O P fa 1 i a 'a (0 P £ a o a CO c ■l CO CO 1 1 i 1 1 la H B ia o o PQ o H O 00 88h DEPARTMENT REPOETS. •uoii«n -inusS JO laaa jaj r-tf— 1 •SutiBuioijaS ni sjCbp jo -oti O^NCO'^moSOSOSOJOStOCOe'JrHCDSOCOiOOiO^DOCOOOJO-WOCO— .COM— )CCC»CO JO iqSpM 01 ?mjj JO iq3i8M JO onna oo ooo o o ooc -Hctrii^— irH— .-4^cocO'^'-■icort■*co^mcO'*^05(^^OiNO■ c-^-*-*'*N■*co»^->^'cCl■*-* o: 1 cc lip xj< O N cS lO S r- eo rH ci rH cj e'l rt CO O CO N ■* rH rH N rH ooooo o o ooo»o JO iqS J8A1 oSeaaA V (N«NrHC0r-lt-'lMNCO'*-H01>-li-c5iCCNCOt-l-*(M(MOt-N-<'CDOOCO-*OOtD03^1NCO-HN -B9S am joj B^injj 1 e^Nco5i'Mci3CONNCococoNCJNNN-^ra.-Hi'irHc^tjrtr5iMeo-*r-iff5co JO iq3i8jtt 1^10 J, 1 oiMmcoj:-i-05COooco«ooi^050iCOcoco-)j 1 1 1 ; I 1 ; I 1 & 0) 03 • ! 1 1 ■ * 1 I 1 •zo'iq3taAv ;:::::;:: : : ■ ; i :° : i i : : : i : ! •adu -ON ::;;;;;;; . . . . 1 |Os 1 1 ; 1 1 I I 1 ; a i 1 1 o s 1 1 ■§ 50. Paragon.— Co7iMmted : Livingston's Perfection Livingston's Perfection— France.. Autocrat May flower— Henderson Mayflower— Root Mayflower— Prussia Scoville— Perry, 1886.. Scoville— Perry, 1887 51. Optimus 53. Puritan 54. President Garfield 55. Peach 56. Feejee Same, from Prussia 57. Acme— Henderson Same, from Eneland Same, from France Same, from Prussia. Rochester Favorite Rochester Favorite— Gregory Livingston's Beauty— Sibley Livingston's Beauty— Rawson Climax— Livingston Hovey— Thorburn, 1886 Hovey— Thorburn, 1887 Essex Hvbrid ti- cs o 59. Mikado Turner Hybrid— Burpee, 1886 Turner Hybrid— Maule 60. French Unrieht Same, from France Same, fi-om Prussia 6L Station HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. TABLE, 1886. 88l Variety. From Peter Henderson & Co. Queen.. Hathaway's Excelsior General Grant Cardinal Conqueror Mayflower Mikado Paragon Perfection Trophy Golden Trophy Trophy, extra selected Vick'M Criterion Canada Victor Acme Livingston's Favorite Pear Shaped Island Beauty Green Gage Essex Hybrid. Yellow Plum. Feejee Island Red Cherry From J. M. Thorhurn & Co. : Hundred Days.. Red Valencia Cluster Hovey Improved Large Yellow. . Yellow Cherry New Currant Alpha Read's Island Beauty From James J. H. Gregory : Li\'ingston's Acme , The Cook's Favorite Fulton Market Yellow Victor New Red Apple Tilden's New ■ Essex Round Red Smooth, Rochester Favorite Criterion From the A. C. Nellis Co. : Nellis' Snowball , Queen , New Cardinal New York Market Nisbit's Victoria Persian , Precursor Nellis' Selected Trophy From W. W. Rawson & Co. : King Humbert Boston Market Tom Thumb Golden Queen Livingston's Beauty Golden Trophy Emery Climax. From Hiram Sihley & Co. : Rochester Large Red Smooth Round. Dwarf Orangefield Autocrat.. Cardinal Livingston Favorite Productiveness. Ratio of fruit to Plant. Fruit. plant. Lbs. Lbs. 7¥ 17^ 2 2-5 \iM 22X 1 3-5 mi 25% 2 3-10 12 13 1 2-25 7 19 2 7-10 10 16^ 1 3-5 iM 25>^ 3 9X 14>!r 1 14-25 10^ 16 1 13-25 6X 17>^ 2 7-10 13% 21 1 1-3 14^ 24^ 1 7-10 9% 19 1 9-10 7M 33^ 2 9-10 113i 21 1 4-5 9M 12K 1 3-10 ISM 10 37-50 lOU 17M 1 3-5 12^ 23 1 7-10 8 19% 2 3-5 9X 16 1 17-25 9 18% 2 3-35 16X 11 67-100 6 19 8 1-10 8 19>^ 3 3-5 ux 18 1 1-5 7M 7}4 1 3-100 20>^ 16% 1 14-35 101/^ 19% 1 4-5 12?^ 20 1 34-35 8M 18% 2 1-10 6 13)^ 2 1-5 10 31^ 2 3-20 9 17>^ 1 9-10 10 18 1 4-5 \m 21 2 7M 17M 2 1-5 lOM 19 1 4-5 UK 10>^ 7-10 12 15>^ 1 39-100 12 17% 1 12-25 11 15^ 1 2-5 7M 25>^ 3 1-3 12 KM 1 3-10 7 19% 2 4-5 9K 13% 1 13-25 11 31% 1 9-10 IX 18M 3 3-10 7M IbM 3 3-50 13% 32% 1 3-5 5X 14^ 3 3-5 UK 22X 2 8X 9M 1 1-10 8 18X 3 7-35 113^ 16% 1 12-25 7 30>^ 2 9-10 im 17K 1 9-50 lex 27 1 4-5 WH 22>!r 1 8-25 8% 17 1 9-10 88j DEPARTMENT REPORTS. TABLE, 1886.— Continued. Varieties. FYom W. Atlee Burpee & Co. Goldea Queen Turner Hybrid From Robt. BuM: The Prize Belle From Frank Ford & Son : Market Champion Advance Productiveness. Plant. Lbs.. lOM i2X 14 9 8^ Fruit. Lbs. 25 16 15% Ratio of fruit to plant. 163^ 1 1-2 21>(r I 1 7-10 1 3-5 1 7-10 1 17-20 HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 88k o g^ o ^ §3.2 2.2 ^ ee a> CO to 9 • I— I I-) (U o iz o <^ '-' ««•.£: 0-I-' £^ £; PI 00 o T-H O — t> box! O a> s^ 4^ W) tn'o O m O m °rt .. ro o bo cs o a u 5 43 4.3 g-" a V ^ ^ •spnnoj Moct-t-aoN.-iosoJ •ON i-"^ o o ^ .^ o CO ^1 od .-^ CO •saouno ui itnaj }o } q S I a Ai 33B.I8AV CO CO M t-; CO lO t- — < .^ CO t- co' ■*' co" i-t co' CO co" CO >C N* St 'Sai -u3du JO ajBp gSBWAV i^:DCOt-.:c:OCOt*oooi- 4J+.3-4-3+3+i-tJ-(J+J4.i^J4J CO CO tfc CC Oj Oi CC a2 :/2 02 OO •spnnoj ] _; ,^ -^ -^^ ^ . ■ rJ\ J\c*x . .J\ •ON C5C to O t» moto -*0OKl ^ HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 8& small, berry-like fruits of the Cranberry to the delicate and slender ones of the Red Cluster, the monstrous and irregular Bell varieties, and the singular tomato-shaped sorts, there is a variation so great that one cannot avoid seeking for diiferent specific origins for each type. Yet closer sttidy reveals the fact that nearly every form is connected with others by an almost complete series of gradations. The variety which is the least connected with others is the Eed Cluster. (Fig. 12.) Four reputed species of pepper are said to enter into our garden varieties — Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. grossnm, and C. cerasiforme. I am entirely unable, however, to distinguish these species in the garden varieties which we have grown, and must therefore for the present refer them all to Capsicum annuum. As an instance of the varia- tion in peppers, I cite the following: A plant of the large Bell or Bull Nose last year produced some fruits which were long, regular and slender, much like an over-grown Cayenne. If these fruits had grown on different plants they would have been called, unhesitatingly, distinct varieties. They were entirely uulike in form. Seeds were saved, and this year planted, from a well-formed fruit of each sort. The seeds from the Cayenne-like fruit reproduced their parent very closely, but the seeds from the typical Bell pro- duced plants which gave fruits of various shapes. The greater number of the fruits from this latter seeding were the same as the Cayenne-like fruits of the former seeding, while some plants gave true Bell peppers. This experi- ment proves how easy a matter it is to produce new varieties and how seeds may become " mixed " without any fault of the seedsman. Half the vari- eties which we grew this year presented one or more untrue plants. It is reasonable to suppose that at least some of these mixed sorts were the pro- ducts of unmixed varieties. This experiment also proves that the so-called species of pepper are not widely separated. The Cayenne is usually referred to Capsicum frutescens and the Bell to C. grossum, yet the distinctive forms of each are produced on the same plant and are perpetuated by its seeds. The reversion of the offspring of the Bell to the Cayenne-like type suggests the origin of the Bell from the slender sorts, the same as the large market tomato must have sprung from the cherry and plum sorts. The critical observer of the variations in peppers will not need the results of this simple experiment to convince him that the monstrous Bell varieties are but develop- ments from smaller and more pointed sorts. The leaves and the habits * of the plants are also various between the different varieties. How much hybridization has had to do with all this variation, it is, of course, impossible to determine. I. Cherry Peppers. — Fruit mostly globular and regular, berry-like, S7nall (one inch or less in diameter). 1. Cranberry. {Airelle rouge of Vilmorin. See No. 4). Plant diffuse, a foot high ; leaves ovate (blade three-fourths of an inch wide by one and half inches long); fruits erect, very small (one-half inch or less in diameter), brigh red. — From Peter Henderson & Co. One plant, September 3, bore three ripe fruits, and another bore one. 2. Eed Cherry. {Cerise oi Vilmorin.) Plant more upright than the last ; fruits mostly drooping, sometimes flattened on the end, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, becoming black, then bright red. From Joseph Breck and Son, and Vilmorin- * See Figs. 12 and 13. 12 90 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Andrieux et Cie. Sept. 3 three plants from Brack gave one ripe fruit each, while there were no ripe fruits on plants from Vil- morin. 3. Oxheari. Plant diffuse, robust; fruits drooping, variable, mostly short oblong-conic, much like a beef's heart in shape, an inch to an inch and a half long, bright red. — From Isaac Til- linghast. Sept, 3 four plants had produced, altogether, six ripe fruits. 4. Red French. Much like the last, but the fruits more pointed and somewhat furrowed. — From Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. This proposed variety came in the sowings of Airelle rouge "red whortleberry." Most of the plants in the sowing bore fruits like the Cranberry, and it is probable that such is intended by the variety Airelle rouge of Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. The sort which is here called Red French probably came of some impurity in the seed. II. LoifG Peppers. — Fruit very slender or several times longer than broad, tapering gradually to ajyoiid, not furrowed. A. Fruits red. 5. Red Cluster. {Bouquet rouge of Vilmorin.) Plant very com- pact and upright, a foot higb ; leaves narrow, almost lanceolate (blade three-fourths of an inch wide by two and one-quarter inches long) ; fruits borne in clusters, erect, very slender (one- quarter inch or less in diameter by two to two and one-half inches long), sharply pointed, usually crooked near the end, very light bright red. Fig. 12. — From W. Atlee Burpee and Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. This variety is the most distinct of any we grew. It is very handsome, and is worthy a place among ornamental plants. A few fruits were ripe Sept. 1. The plants from French seed were a little earlier. 6. Cliili. Plant compact; leaves shorter than in the last (blade nearly three-quarters of an inch by one and one-half inch) ; fruit usually erect, straight, firm, about two inches long by one-half inch broad at base, blunt on the tip, becoming black before maturity, when it assumes a rich red. — From Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. Several fruits were ripe Sept. 1. The Small Chili, from J. B. Root i& Co., gave very variable fruits, some being almost berry-like and others like the Chili in shape. 7. Cayenne. Plant and leaves much as in the last; fruits droop- ing, mostly curved, three to four inches long by a half or three- quarters inch broad at the base, mostly somewhat bluntish on the tip, rich red. — From Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. Sept. 3 two plants had two ripe fruits each. B. Fruit yellow. 8. Long Yell no Co.yenne. Fruit much like that of No. 7 in shape, but thi(!ker and tending to crook, light bright orange. — From Peter Henderson and Co. Sept. 3, one plant bore seven ripe fruits, another five and three others two each. 9. Lo7iq Ycllmo French. {Jaune long oi Vilmorin.) Plants stouter than No. 8; fruits much larger, often five inches long, tending to become broad and furrowed. — From Vilmorin-Andrieux et HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 91 Fig. 12. Cie. Sept. 3, one plant bore one ripe fruit and another bore one nearly ripe. III. — Bell Peppers. — Fruit large, long, oblong, or oilong-conic, vari- ously furroived or irreg^ilar, broad and truncate at the base, feeling as if someivhat inflated. Playits large and coarse. — The so-called sweet peppers. A. Fruit red. 10. Long Red of Vilmorin. {Rouge long ordifiaire.) Plant tall and robust; fruit long (four inches long by one to one and a half inches broad at baso), somewhat irregular, biit not fur- rowed lengthwise, somewhat curved. — From Vilmorin — An- drieux et Cie. Very late. This connects the Long peppers 92 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. 11. 12. with the Bell Peppers, and perhaps should be classed with the former. It is evidently too irregular to be the same as the Long Red of Burr's Vegetables of America, p. 611. Red Cardinal. Much like the last, but the fruit somewhat shorter and blunt or truncate and variously lobedatthe tip, and lightly furrowed lengthwise. — From W. Atlee Burpee.^ Very late. Oiant Emperor. Plant very strong and vigorous; leaves very large (blade three inches by five inches) ; fruits various, vary- ing from broadly conical to long pointed-oblong (from two and a half inches broad by three and a half inches long, to one and o HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 93 a half inches broad by five inches long), slightly furrowed. — From Peter Henderson & Co. Very late. Henderson's char- acter, "a quarter of an inch thick/' is evidently a mistake. Fig 13 shows this variety with immature fruits. 13. Pimiento Duvce. {Neiu Sweet Spanish.) Plant very robust ; foli- age dense and heavy; fruit long, large, and slightly furrowed (two to three inches by four to five inches); variable. — From Peter Henderson & Co. Very late. 14. Bell. {Bull Nose. Carre doux d' Amerique, "American Sweet Square," of Vilmorin.) Plant large and robust; fruits short- conic, or as broad as long, much lobed near the end and vari- ously furrowed (varying from two inches broad by two and a half long to three inches broad and three and a half inches long). — From Vilmorin — Andrieux et Cie. Late. 15. Ruhy King. Most of the plants smaller than in No. 14, other- wise indistinguishable. The fruits did not ripen. — From J. B. Root & Co. 16. Sweet Sjjanish. Appears to differ from No. 14 only in the smaller size of the plants. This and No. 14 appear to be indis- tinguishable. — From Peter Henderson & Co. Very late. The Sweet Spanish {Doux d'Bspaqne) of Vilmorin is not the same. Its fruits are also late, but more like those of Red Cardinal. 17. Sweet Mountain. Differs from No. 14 by its larger fruits which are mostly short-oblong and very blunt or squared and lobed at the tip (two to three inches broad and three to four inches long), strongly furrowed. Said to be milder than the Bell. — From J. B. Root & Co. Medium. B. Fruit yellow. 18. Yellow Bi'll. {Golden Upright of Burpee, Golden Dawn Mango, Golden Queen of Tillinghast, Carre jaune hatif of Vilmorin.) Plant loose in habit, strong, medium in height, leaves large ; fruits like the Bell, only usually more regular, not so deeply furrowed, bright yellow or orange. — From W. Atlee Burpee, James J. H. Gregory, J. B. Root & Co., Isaac Tillinghast, Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. Beginning to ripen September 1. IV. ToMATo-LrKE Pbppers. — Fruit flattened, broader than long, mostly nearly regular on top. 19. Squash. {Boston Squash, Neio Dwarf Early Red Squash, Neio Red Squash, Tomato nain hatif.) Plants medium in growth, leaves large; fruits various, sometimes tending towards the shape of the Bell, angled on the sides, two to three inches across, dull red. — From James J. H. Gregory, W. Atlee Burpee, J. C. Vaughan, Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. Sep- tember 3, two plants from Gregory gave together two ripe fruits; five from Burpee gave together five ripe fruits; seven from Vaughan gave ten ripe fruits; five from Vilmorin gave eight. 20. Red Tomato. {Tomato rouge of Vilmorin.) Much like the last, but later, and the fruits more angled, and more furrowed about the base. — From Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. Note.— Jtfonstreua; and Oros carre daux from Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie, were so inconsistent in character of fruit tliat places could not be assigned tliem in tiiis synopsis. 94: DEPARTMENT REPORTS. III. Notes on Onions. — Fifty-threenamed varieties of onions were gro wed in the College garden this year. All the American black-seed varieties and all offered by F. & A. Dickson and Sons of Chester, England, were grown. In addition we grew potato onions, garlic, Welsh onion, etc. One of the most obvious and curious features connected with this experiment was the very tardy ripening of nearly all the varieties of England. There was a dif- ference of two or three weeks, or even more, in the periods of ripening between some varieties grown from American seeds and the same grown from English seeds. This difference was especially noticeable in the case of the Yellow Danvers and Eed Wethersfields, both varieties of American origin. It is impossible to draw definite conclusions from one year's experience. The following synopsis is therefore but a preliminary and provisional one. There is no attempt made in it to describe or characterize varieties. The notes are mostly of a general nature, though taken directly from the onions themselves. The season has been so very dry that many varieties have, no doubt, not been characteristic. There are no permanent characters which can be used with much satisfaction in the construction of a classification of common onions. For market sorts we were most pleased with Eed Wethersfield (No. 27 of the following synopsis). Yellow D mvers (33), Early Yellow Cracker (37), Silver King (4), and Giant Rocca (13). For house use the following appeared to be the best: Extra Early Red (25), Early Pearl (5), Yellow Strasburg (31), Queen (9), Yellow Danvers (33). As a rule, the English sorts appear to possess no value for this country. Preliminaky Synopsis of Onions and some of theie Allies: A. Leaves flat or canaliculate, not liollow. 1. Garlic, Allium Sativum Linn. — One of the most pungent of the onion tribe. The plant rarely seeds in cultivation, and is therefore exclusively propagated by the small bulbs of which the main bulb is composed. It is propagated the same as set onions. It matures in early September here, and is stored and handled the same as onions. — From D. M. Ferry & Co. 2. Leek, Allium Porrum Linn. Much prejudice exists in this country concerning this plant, probably from associating it with the unsavory wild leek of new pastures and woods. It bears no resemblance to this wild plant, however, in odor or flavor. In fact, the leek is milder than most onions. It is a very agreeable seasoning in soups and other dishes. It demands more attention from those who enjoy good vegetables. For ordinary purposes its culture is about the same as that of the black seed onions. It matures very late in the fall, and may be allowed to stand until after severe frosts become common. The plant produces scarcely any distinct bulb. B. Leaves more or less cylindrical, hollow. 3. Chives or Gives, Allium Schcenoprasum Linn. — This plant is a peren- nial, growing in thick tufts, and attaining a height of six or ten inches.^ Although it flowers here profusely it rarely produces seeds, and is there- fore propagated by divisions of the tufts. The leaves are used for sea- soning various dishes, and they may be cut at almost any time during the year. Chives may be planted along a fence or path, where it will form an edging, and be out of the way of the plow. It grows wild on HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 95 the northern shores of Lake Huron, and about Lake Superior and northward, although it was brought into cultivation from Europe. 4. Welsh Onion, Allium Fistulosum Linyi. — This plant is very similar in appearance to a vigorous scullion. Our specimens were still growing vigorously September J 6. It is ordinarily propagated by seeds the same as onions, altihough it may be propagated by division of the stems. It does not produce bulbs. The leaves are used for seasonings. — From, England. 5. Common Onion, Allium Cepa Linn. Series I. Propagated by division. This series includes the various potato onions, multipliers, etc. They demand no extended notice at this time. Series II. Propagated by bublets or ''tops." The familiar ''top onions," tree onions, Egyptian onions, etc. Series III. Propagated by seeds {or sets). A. Skin of the mature hulh silvery white. * Globe onions, — the bulb normally spherical. 1. Southport White Globe. Medium in size, typical specimens nearly round, very firm. Uneven in size and shape, many specimens being nearly flat. — From J. B. Eoot & Co. and J. C. Vaughan {White Globe). **Flat onions, — the bulb normally more or less flattened horizontally. a. Bulbs large, averaging three and a half inches or more across. Late growers, mostly with thick necks. 2. Wliite Italian TrijioU. Inclined to be globe-form and double. Irregular in shape. Very large. Still growing, September 16. — From England. 3. White Lisbon. Smaller than the last, more flat on the bottom; otherwise scarcely distinct. — From England. 4. Silver King. Well grown specimens five inches in diameter, mostly very flat and thin and very white, Variable in size. Appears to mature well and to be valuable. — From Maule and Tillinghast. 5. Extra Early Pearl. Much earlier and considerably smaller than the last ; otherwise very similar. — From Maule. 6. El Paso {Large Mexican). Medium to large, very flat, running even in shape, early. — From Ferry. 7. Extra Early Bloomsdale Pearl. Indistinguishable from the last. — From Landreth. 8. Wliite Portugal or Silver Skin. Scarcely smaller than No. 6, running very uneven in size, some of the bulbs maturing very early. Apparently mixed, but the best bulbs are very handsome in shape. — From Root and England. b. Bulbs small, seldom over two inches across. 9. Queen. A fine small and very early clear white onion, shapely, even in size. Onions of the Queen type are usually somewhat indented or scalloped on the edges, and they are usually borne conspicuously on the surface of the ground. The tops are small and slender and the roots few. — From England. The Neiv Queen from Root is evidently the same, but it runs smaller, not so fiat nor handsome. DEPARTMENT REPORTS. 10. Nocera. Small, one to two inches across, the edges conspicu- ously scalloped, but evidently not distinct from the last. — From England. 11. Neapolitan Marzajola. Evidently the same as the last two. — From Root. B. Skin of the mature hulh colored. * Globe onions. The colors of all these globe sorts are neutral or indifferent. They are mostly browns and yellow-reds. There are no distinctly red sorts among them. 12. Yellotv Globe. Medium to large, running very regular, taper- ing both ways, dull reddish-yellow. — From England. 13. Cranston's Excelsior. Differs from the last only in color which is a distinct light-reddish straw-color. — From England. 13. Ginnt Rocca. {Giant Rocca Tripoli.) An immense onion, probably the best of the Italians for this country. Ordinary bulbs this dry season weighed ten ounces. In color it varies from yellowish-white to dull red. A dull yellow appears to be the normal color. — From England. The same from Root was smaller and more uneven in size, not desirable. 14. Golden Ball. {Landreth's Goldeii Ball.) Evidently not distinct from the Rocca, although many specimens are much too fiat for the type of that variety. The largest bulb weighed eight ounces. The tops were still green Sept. 16. — From Landreth. 15. Large Globe Tripoli. Smaller than the Rocca from English seed, flatter and darker colored. Perhaps not distinct. — From Eng- land. 16. Trebons. Medium in size, flattish, reddish-brown, even in size, the neck very large. In Eugland it is said to grow to an im- mense size. It did not mature here. — From England. 17. James's Keeping. A flattish-oval onion which did not mature. Bulbs dull red or yellowish-red. It produced very few good bulbs. — From England. 18. Broxon Spanish or Portuqal. Medium to small in size, flattish, red-brown. The bulbs did not all mature. — From Eogland. 19. Bedfordshire Champion. A well-formed globe onion, of under- size as grown with us, red-brown. Did not mature. — From England. 30. Broion Globe. A well-formed globe, reddish-brown. Did not mature. — From England. 31. Zittau. {Mammoth Zittan.) A flattish globe, yellow or reddish- yellow. Did not mature, although some bulbs measured three inches across. — From England and Tilliughast. 22. Kuneham Parle. Flattish globe inclining to the form of true flat onion, light yellow, even in size, handsome. Did not mature, although three inches in diameter of bulb. — From England. :23. Rousham Park Hero. A well-formed flattish globe, white-yel- low, three inches in diameter, but did not mature. — From Eng- land. 24. White Globe. Variable in shape, usually a flattish globe, white- ish-yellow, three inches in diameter. Handsome in shape. Did not mature. — From England. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 97 **Flat Onions. a. Bulbs deep and distinctly red. 25. Extra Early Red. Small to medium (reaching two and a half inches in diameter), regular in shape, very early. Apparently one of the very best early. — From Root. 2^. Early Red Globe. Medium in size, tending to globe-shape on top, regular and handsome, early. Much thicker than the last ; also larger. Evidently a slight departure from Wethersfield. — From Eoot. 27. Red Wethersfield. Too well known to need description. Grown from Englisli seed, it was larger than from American seed and was not ripe Sept. 16. " In its original form the bulb was quite spherical but at the present day it is seldom found, even in America, without having the ends somewhat flattened, and wher- ever the primitive form occurs it is known as the Large Red Globe."* — From England and Eoot. 28. Early Flat Red. Indistinguishable from Wethersfield. — From Vaughan. 29. Early Round. Indistinguishable from Wethersfield. — From Vaughan. 30. Blood Red Medium to large, tending to globe-shape above. Not yet ripe (Sept. 16). Evidently not distinct from Wethers- field. — From England. h. Bulbs indifferent in color, — reddish and yellowish. 31. YellQiv Strasburg. Small, even in shape, uneven in size, very pale yellow, very early. Desirable for home use. — From Vaughan. 32. Pale Red Bermioda. Small, varying from flat to somewhat globe- shaped, uneven in size, light chocolate-red, very early. — From Henderson. 33. Yelloio Danvers. Too well known to need description. ''It is an American variety, and when first introduced into France (about 1850) was quite spherical in shape, but now it grows almost always more or less flattened, not only in European gar- dens, but also in its native country."! — From Root and England. 34. Flat Yellow Danvers. Tending to grow larger than No. 33, and more inclined to assume a globe form. — From Vaughan. 35. Yelloio Danvers Globe. Indistinguishable from Yellow Danvers. — From Root. 36. Nasbey's Mammoth. Averages somewhat larger and later than Danvers, but cannot be distinguished from the Danvers grown from English seeds. — From Gregory. 37. Early Yelloiv Cracker. A fine onion of uniform size and shape, averaging consiilerably larger than Danvers from American seeds, ripening evenly. Evidently a good selection from Danvers. — From Gregory. 38. Banbury Improved. Medium in size, tending to globe shaped above, straw yellow. Not ripe September 16. — From England. * Robinson, The Vegetable Garden, 369. + Robinson, The "Vegetable Garden, 365. 13 98 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. 39. WTiite Spanish, Portugal or Reading, Indistinguishable from the last. — From England. 40. Dickson's Defiance. Medium in size, tending to be globe shaped above, regular in ' size and shape, straw yellow. Matured much like Danvers, but more globe-like. Does the best here of the English sorts. — From England. 41. Deptford or Strashirg. Medium, tending to become globe shaped above, reddish brown, mostly matured. — From England. 42. Mammoth Pompei. Very large, very flat, five inches across, good specimens weighing seven ounces, light chocolate brown. It matured well, and gives promise. — From Tillinghast. 43. Red Italian Tripoli. Much like the last, but a little darker in color, not so even or large in size. The largest specimen weighed eight ounces. Mostly matured. — From England. 44. Large Flat Tripoli. Scarcely distinguishable from Mammoth Pompei, but averaging larger. — From England. IV. Notes on Steawbeekies. — The strawberry crop this year was heavy. We had an opportunity to form a satisfactory judgment upon many varieties with which we had formed no intimate acquintance before. For general purposes as market berries those which pleased us best are Sharpless, Lower, Manchester, Crescent, Champion. In the following synopsis, only such varieties are characterized as fruited with us this year in sufficient abundance to enable us to form a judgment concerning them. The note^s are in every case condensed from those taken in the field. On most varieties notes were taken two or more times, and the quality of fruit was carefully tested in every case. It is an exceedingly difficult matter to construct a satisfactory classification for strawberries. There are almost no salient and comparatively constant marks of distinction. The best that can be done in the present case is to adopt the classification which follows. The varieties themselves are charac- terized by contrasting similar points, and always in the same order, as follows : 1, habit; 2, foliage; 3, trusses; 4, berry: a, size; i, shape; c, color; d, texture; e. flavor; 5, general remarks. Class A. — Berries small, mostly elongated; pips not sunTcen into the flesh of the berry; trusses mostly higher than the leaves; plants small, rather deli- cate. — Products of Fragaria vesca and F. elatior, never grown for market in this country. Alpine Wood, Royal Hawtbois, etc. Belle Bordelaise, Class B. — Berries large; pips more or less sunTcen; trusses mostly lower than the leaves; plants large and mostly hardy.' — Products of Fragaria Vir- giniana aud supposed hybridizations with F. Chilensis. Market sorts. SE01I0N I. — Berries produced into a distinct neck or collar at the base. Flowers all perfect, unless in Hathaway No. 5, in which the stamens are scarcely recognizable. Bidwell. — Medium to high; foliage strong, rather light in color; trusses long but weak; berry medium, long- conic, bright dark red, firm, good in quality. Berries do not ripen evenly. Not desirable for general culture. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 99 Crystal City. — High; foliage good, light-colored ; trusses high and erect; berry small to medium, short-obovate, very light red, rather soft, sweet. Unproductive. Not worth cultivating. Glendale. — Medium to high; foliage luxuriant, dark; trusses nearly erect; berry medium to large, long-conic, with a very large calyx, firm, color not clear, quality medium to poor, rather late. Not productive. The first ber- ries ripened June 14; the last good berries were procured a week later. Gives little promise with us. It was grown on rich sandy soil. Hoivell. — Belongs in this section. Has fruited but one year with us. Hathaivay No. 5. — High, loose; foliage light-colored; trusses branching very low, the branches long and weak ; berry very long-conic or long-oblong, almost finger-shaped, light red, rather firm, medium in quality. Curious rather than valuable. A rampant grower. Mrs. Garfield. — Medium to high; foliage rather dark; trusses rather stout; berry medium, short-conic, the neck very short, very bright, light red, mod- erately firm, fair to good in quality. Of no especial importance. Nigh {Nigh's Superb). — Medium to low; foliage good, light colored; trusses nearly prostrate; berry medium, oblong-elliptic or obovate, light colored, rather soft, sweet. Evidently not desirable. Nohe {Node's Seedling). Medium; foliage dark; trusses moderately strong; berry medium to small, short-obovate, rather dark, very firm, ripens unevenly, fair in quality. Evidently not desirable. Shirts — Medium; foliage rather light in color; trusses weak; berry medium to small, conic, light colored, soft, poor. This berry is described as possessing a high flavor and fine color. Ours answers to anything but such characters. It may not be true to name. ^ SECTION II. — Berries not produced into a neck. Some varieties, as Jewel and Sharpless, are somewhat tapered and smooth at the base, but can hardly be said to have a neck. Group 1. Flowers perfect. Alley's No. 9. — Medium; foliage good; trusses middling stout; berry large, broad-ovate; color good; firm, fair in quality; calyx large. Evidently a good berry. Atlatitic — Low to medium; foliage good, very dark; trusses weak, the branches long ; berry medium to large, conic, very dark, and glossy in color, rather firm, rich when fully ripe; colors evenly for a dark berry. Not pro- ductive with us. Of some promise. Black De-fiance — .High to medium, loose; foliage very large, dark; trusses weak; berry medium to large, ovate, or becoming very broad, dark and rich in color; firm, first-class in quality. A good berry. Captain Jack. — Medium; foliage very dark ; trusses erect ; berry medium, nearly round ; light, but bright in color, rather soft, fair in quality. Pos- sesses no decided merits. Cowing. — Medium to high; foliage heavy, light colored; trusses rather strong; berry medium to large, flattish; rather too light in color; rather soft, sweet and good. A desirable berry. Downing. — Medium to high ; foliage good, light-colored; trusses high, mostly erect ; berry medium to small, short-conic, light in color, rather soft, fair in quality. Of average merit. 100 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. . Duncan. — Medium, not much inclined to spread; foliage good, dark; trusses rather low; berry medium to small, nearly spherical, smooth and regular, the calyx fitting closely, dark and attractive in color, rather soft, excellent in quality, not very productive. A good dessert berry, of easy management. Finch {Finch's Prolific). — Medium; foliage good, very dark; trusses stout and high; berry medium to large, round, light-colored, rather soft, fair in quality. A good berry, though not superior to many other sorts. Much like the Manchester, but trusses higher. Great American — Medium to high; foliage good, medium in color; trusses rather weak ; berry large to very large, conic, very light in color, soft, poor. Undesirable. Harfs Minnesota. — Medium; foliage good; berry medium to large, conic, good in color, firm, good, evidently productive. Very promising. Heffnerh No. 1. — Medium; foliage large, very abundant; trusses weak; fruit medium, short, ovate, bright, rather firm, the pips much sunken, good. Promising. Henderson. — Low; foliage pretty good, dark; trusses low but stout; berry small, short, conic, bright, sweet. Of no value. Our stock is from Peter Henderson & Co., but the berries bear no resemblance to the figure of the Henderson in Henderson's Gardening for Proiit, new ed., 329. Kentucky. — Very high; foliage strong, light-colored; berry medium to large, conic, light but even in color, firm, good, late. Only moderately pro- ductive. Perhaps the best of the late berries. Longfellow Improved. — Low; foliage fair, dark; trusses low, rather weak; berry aiedium to small, long-oblong, very poor in color, soft, fair to poor in quality. Ripens unevenly. Stock from Peter Henderson & Co. Of no value. Lower. — High, vigorous; foliage abundant, rather light; trusses stout; berry large to very large, round, bright dark red, rather soft, excellent in quality, productive. One of our very best berries for close markets. Origi- nated with Mr. Byron Lower at Mt, Pleasant, Mich, Not disseminated. It has been grown here since 1882. Maggie. — Low ; foliage good, very dark ; trusses weak ; berry medium, conic, good in color, soft, fair to good. Indifferent. Not sufficiently tested. May King. — Medium; foliage good, medium in color; trusses rather weak; berry medium, conic, light but even in color, rather soft, productive. Prom- ises well. Miner. — Medium to low; foliage good, dark; trusses strong; berry large, round to round-conic, very dark, coloring unevenly, rather soft, good. Here- tofore the Miner has been one of our best berries, but it has not done well this year. It has colored more unevenly than usual. It picks hard. Mt. Vernon. — Medium to high; foliage vigorous; berry medium to large, conic or round, rather light but even in color, soft, the core pulling out easily, good, late. A handsome late berry, good for home use or market. Parry. — Medium; foliage good to scant ; trusses low; berry medium, short- conic, poor in color, rather firm, fair to good. Disappoints us. Piper. — High to medium ; foliage strong, light-colored; trusses rather weak ; berry medium to small, very short-conic, or round, dark, soft, very poor. Of no value. Presideyit Lincoln. — Medium; foliage good, light; trusses weak; berry large HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 101 to medium, round, very dark, rather firm, good. Berries uneven in size. Of no superior merit. Sharpless. — Medium to high; foliage strong; trusses strong; berry very large, usually "coxcombed," dark, firm, good, productive, tending to color unevenly. One of the best market berries. Sunapee. — Medium; foliage heavy, glossy, dark; trusses moderately strong; berry medium, short-conic, good in color, soft, sour. Indifferent. Viclc. — Medium; foliage exceedingly dark, thick and glossy; trusses erect; berry medium to small, round or round-ovate, good in color, "seedy," fair in quality. Berries too small. We shall discontinue its cultivation. Vinelcmd. — High; foliage abundant; trusses very long and erect; berry medium to large, round, very light-colored, rather soft, poor, moderately productive, late. Comes in with the Kentucky which it closely resembles, only that it lacks the point of that berry. Of no prominence. Wilson. — The Wilson has apparently " run out" with us. It sets many berries but they remain very small. Woodruff No. 1. — Medium to low ; foliage good, dark ; trusses weak, the peduncles long; berry medium, conic with a very long point, dark, firm, fair in quality, the pips large and much sunken, not very prolific. Fruit has a hard core, and tends to become. irregular in shape. Of no unusual merit. Group 2. — Flowers pistillate. Champion {Windsor Chief). — Medium; foliage good; trusses short, strong; berry medium, nearly spherical, very bright rich red, rather firm, sour, pro- ductive. The berries are not even in size and color. Color unusually good. An excellent market sort. Crescent. — The most productive berry we grow, and therefore desirable for market. Otherwise it is a poor berry. Daniel Boone. — Medium to high; foliage good; trusses rather weak; berry large, conic, often somewhat necked, very dark, rather soft, good, productive. A promising sort for near markets. Green's Prolific. — Medium; foliage large, dark; trusses strong; berry medium, round, light-colored, soft, poor. Superseded by better sorts. Hovey. — Medium to low; foliage dark; trusses weak; berry medium, conic, dark, rather soft, sweet and good. The first of the great American berries, interesting at the present day from its history. Our stock is from the orig- inator, the late C. M. Hovey, Cambridge, Mass. Still a good berry. Huddleston. — Medium to high; trusses not stout; berry medium, short- ovate, light in color, soft, fair to poor. Ripe June 10. Unpromising. Not sufficiently tested. Jersey Queen. — Medium to low; foliage good; trusses weak; berry medium to large, very broad, light in color, rather firm, fair in quality. Of no prominence. Jewell. — Low to medium; foliage pretty good, dark; trusses very low; berry medium, very short conic, poor in color, rather soft, moderately pro- ductive. Does not promise well. The fruit is borne very low. Stock from P. M. Augur. Matichester. — Medium to low; trusses very low; berry medium to large, very short-conic with a blunt, flattened point, light but very even in color; firm; good. An excellent market berry, very uniform in size, shape and 102 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. color. The berries are borne too near the ground. Productive, holding its crop late. Miawi. — Medium to large, vigorous; foliage good, dark; trusses moder- ately stout; berry medium to large, round, dark, rather firm; good; medium to late in season. Very promising. Not yet sufficiently tested. Prince of Berries. — Low to medium; foliage pretty good, dark; trusses low, weak; berry small, round, soft, sweet. Of no value. Stock from Peter Henderson & Co. V. Lists of Feuit and Okj^ambntal Plants Geovping at the Col- lege. — Many of the fruits here catalogued are not yet in bearing. Most of the apple trees are yet in nursery rows. Of many we have duplicates. It must be understood that fruits which we distribute but have not yet fruited are not guaranteed true to name. We receive scions and plants from many sources, and cannot always be sure of their identity, although we exercise every caution possible. APPLES. [Those marked with an Adams. Aikin's Striped Winter. Alabama Pippin. American Summer Pearniain. Annetta of Vii-ginia. *Anis. *Antonovka. *Aport. *Aport Grosser. *Arabka. *Arabskoe. Arnold's Beauty. Autumn Swaar. Autumn Sweet Bough. *Babuscliins. Bailey's Sweet. Baldwin. Baltzley. Barnes' Choice. Bauman's Reinette. * Belborodovkoe. Belle de Boskoop. Bellflower Pippin. *Berkoflf. Best Red. Ben Peflfer. Bennington Stripe. Bernard. Bidgood. Baker. asterisk (*) are Russian.] Blackwood. Bleason's Brag. Blinkbonny. Black Twig. Blooming Orange. *Borsdorf. Bower's Nonpareil. Boyd. Brabant BeUflower. Brown's Late Queen. Brown's Sweet. Brewington Pippin. Brook's Pippin. Buckingham. Buncombe. Cadwallader. Callasaga. Calville of St. Hilaire. Camsack's Sweet. Canada Baldwin. Canada Late Strawberry. Cardinal Celine. Carpenter's Sweet. Carter's Blue. Carthouse. Carolina Russet, Cato. Cellini. Centennial. Chadwick's Favorite. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 103 *Charlamoff. *Cliaiiottenthaler. Cheese of Pennsylvania. Chebucto Beauty. Chenango (Strawberry). Choice. *Christ Birth. *Cinnamon Pine. Clark's Orange. Coat's Sweet. Cole's Quince. Columbian Russet. Cook's Seedling. Cooper's Early White. Cooper's Market. Cornell's Fancy. Crackson. Crawford's Keeper. *Cross. Curtis Greening. ♦Czar's Thorn. Daniel. Dartmouth. Dawes. Dawes' Porter. Decarie. Delaware Winter. Disharoon. Dominie. Doylestown. Dr. Curd. Dr. Watson. Dr. Walker. Dui'hams Winter. Dyer. Early Colton. Early Harvest. Early Pennock. Early Red. Early Ripe. Early Strawberry. *Early Sweet Voronesh. Egg Top. Elarkee. * English Pippin. * Enormous. Evan's Seedhng. Ewalt. Falla water. Fall Cheese of Virginia. Fall Jennetting. Fall Orange. Fall Pippin. Fall Queen of Kentucky. Fall Spitzenburg. Fameuse. Fameuse Sucree. Fay's Early Joe. Floy's Bellflower. Fourth of July. Franclin of Pennsylvania. Fulton. * Gaines' Swedisher. Garden Royal. Gardeners Bonne General Grant. *German Skrute. Gibb's. Gideon. Gideon's No. 7. Gideon's No. 9. Gideon's No. 12. Gideon s No. 13. Gideon's No. 24. Gideon's No. 28. Golden Banana. Golden Russet. Golden Swartz. Golden Sweet. ♦Golden White. *Good Peasant. Gordon's Cluster. Grange. Gravenstein. *Green Crimean. Green Prolific of New Jersey. * Green Streaked. *Green Sweet. *Gros Mogul. Guilford. Gully of Pennsylvania. Haas. Hancock. Hampshire Sweet. Harrison. Hartford Sweet. 104 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Haskel Sweet. Hawley. Hawthornden. Hay's Wine. Heath's Favorite. Hemmingberger's Greening. Henwood. Herfordshire Pearniain. Hesper Rose. Hess. Hewes' Virginia. Hick's White. Highland Beauty. Hilpot. Hockiugs. Hooker. Hoops. Holdeman. Holladay. Horse. *Howard's Best Russian. Hubbardston. Hubbard ston Pippin. Hudson's Streaked. Hunterdon. Huntsman. Hutchison's Sweet. Hyde's King. IlUnois Greening. Imperial Russet. Imperial Purple. Indian. Indiana Favorite. Indiana Seedling. Jackson. •Jacob's Favorite of Ohio. January. Jaruaonite. Jefferis. Jersey Black. Jersey Sweet. John's Early White. Johnson of Illinoi ?» *Juicy Krim Tartan. Junaluskee. Kansas Bellflower. Kansas Queen. Kent Island Pine. Kentucky Streak. Key's Red. *Kievskoe. Kinnard's Choice. Kinney's Early. Kinsy, or Nott County Seedling. Kittageskee. Klaproth. *Kommenskoe. Krouser. Lady. Lady Washington of Ohio. Lane's Red Streak. Lanier. *Large Sub-acid. Lankford. Landon. Lancaster Greening. Large Green Pippin. Large Red from Nova Scotia. Late Strawberry. Lawrence. Leipprandt No. 1. Leipprandt No. 2. Leipprandt No. 3. Lewis. Likely. Limbertwig. Lincoln Pippin. *Longfield. Long Island Russet. Long Red Pearmain. Longworth Red Winter. Lou. Lysconi. Maiden's Fair. Maiden's Favorite. Mann. Marengo. Maryland Red Streak. Maryland Maiden Blush. Marks. Marquis. Mary Warmack. Mason. Mason's Stranger. Maverack's Sweet. McLee's Mammoth. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 105 McLellan. Mclntyre's Sweet. Mcintosh Red. Melinda. Matamusket. Mettinger. Mexico. Minch. Missouri Pippin. Minkler. Monarch . Monmouth Pippin. Moore's Extra. Moore's Favorite. Moore's Sweet. Monte Bello. Monstrous Bellflower. Mosher Sweeting. *Moscow Pear. Mote's Sweet. Mother. Mother's Favorite. Moultrie's Winter. Mountaineer. Muster. Nansemond Beauty. Nelson Rock. Nero. Ne Plus Ulti-a of Tenn. Nicnac. North Carolina Keeper. Northern Spy. O'Conners Green. Oconee Green. October. Oclesma. Occident. Ohio Pippin. Oldenburgh. Ontario. Ortley. Orange Pippin of N. J *Ostrekoff Pippin. Oxford. Peach Bloom. Peach Pond Sweet. Peach Ridge. Pear of Illinois. 14 Pennock. Pewaukee. Piedmont Pippin. Peers. Pickard's Reserve. Pittsburg Pippin. ♦Pointed Pipka. Pomme Royal. Pomeroy. Porter. Portsmouth Beauty. Powers. Presh's Winter. Primate. ♦Prolific Sweeting. Pyle's Green Winter. Quebec Red Winter. Queen of the Kitchen. Pagan's Yellow. *Red Aport. Red Astrachan. Red Beitigheimer. Red Canada. Red Romanite. Red Russet. *Red Stettiner. *Red Wine. Red Winter. *Reponka. * Revel Pear. Rhode Island Greening. Ribston Pippin. Richard's Graft. Ridge Pippin. Rock Pippin. Rolfe. Roman Stem. Romanite. Rome Beauty. *Romna. Rother Esk. Royal Limbertwig. *Royal Table. Rubicon or Paw Paw. Russel. Rutman's Green. Salome. Santa. 106 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Sawyer. Scott's Winter. Seedless. Seek-No-Further. September. Shade's Winter. Shannon. Sharp's Winter. Sheriff. Sheepnose. Shiawassee. Shelling. Shockley. *Silken. Sisk. Skinner's Pippin. Smith's Cider. Smokehouse. Southern King. Sneep's. Stayman's No. 1. Stayman's No. 2. Stayman's McAffee. Stayman's Winesap. Stevenson's Winter. Stark. Striped July. Strode's Birmingham. Stump. St. HUaire. *St. Peters. * Sugar Barbet. * Summer CalviUe. * Summer Lowland. Summer Pippin. Summer Sweet Paradise. Summer Rambo. Summer Red. Summer Extra. Summer Red CalvUle. Summerset of N. J. Superb Sweet. Sutton Early. Swaar. Sweet Greening. Sweet Limbertwig. Sweet Romanite. * Switzer. Sylvester. Talman Sweet. Tenderskin. Thin Skin. * Titovka. * Titus, of Voronesh. Townsend. Tewksbury Blush. Turn of the Lane. * Ukraine. Vandevere Pippin. * Vasile's Largest. Vaughn's Winter. Victoria Sweet. * Voronesh. Walbridge. Washington Strawberry. Wealthy. Welford's Yellow. Western. White Pippin . White Russian. White Winter. White Winter Pearmain. Whinnery's Late Red. WilUams' Favorite. Winesap. * Winter Pear. Wyle's Seedling. Yadkin Beauty. Yates. * Yellow Arcadian. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Butter. Yellow Pippin. * Yellow Transparent. York Imperial. York Stripe. * Zolotoreff. * Zweibel. Various Seedlings. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 107 Crais. Blushing Maid. Chicago. Conical. CoraL Currant. Hasker Blush. Hyslop. Lady. Large Yellow Siberian, Paul's Imperial. Maiden's Blush. Meader's Winter. Minnesota Winter. Montreal Beauty. Oblong. Orange. Orion. Picta Striata. Power's Large Red. Quaker Beauty. Telfer Sweet. Transcendent. Transparent. Van Wyck. Wanglis. Whitney No. 20. Breda. Moorpark. APEICOTS. North China. Russian. BALCKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES. Blackberries. Agawam. Ancient Britton. Bonanza. Brunton's Early. Crystal White. Dehring's Early. Dorchester. Early Cluster. Early Harvest. Freed. Kittatinny. Knox. Minnewaski. Missouri Mammoth. Parish's Pink. Snyder. Stayman's Early. Stone's Hardy. Taylor. Wachuset. Wallace. Wilson's Early. Wilson Junior. General Grant. Lucretia. Deivherries. I Lucretia's Sister. 108 DEPARTMENT REPOKTS. CHEERIES. [Those marked with an asterisk are from Russia or adjacent regions.] Belle de Choisy. Belle Magnifique. Black Eagle. * Brusslar Braun. Dyehouse. Early Richmond. Elton. ■*Formigi Weichel. Governor Wood. * Grioflf Precose. * Lutovka. May Duke. Montmorency. Morello, * Ostheim. Reine Hortense. * Schattan Amarelle. * Sklanka. ♦ * Vilne Sweet. Winsor. Wragg. Yellow Spanish. Various Seedlings, CUfiRANTS. [The classification of currants is Into Red, White, Black, Various Seedlings. Red. Cherry. Fay. Prince Albert. Red Dutch. Versaillaise. Victoria. White Dutch. White Gondoin. White. White Grape. Black Naples. Black. Various Seedlings. GOOSEBERRIES. Cluster. Downing. Houghton. Industry. Mountain. Pale Red. Smith. Transparent. Triomphe. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 109 GRAPES. Adirondac. Advance. Agawam. American Muscadine. Ariadne. Bacchus. Barry. Berlin. Black Eagle, Black Hawk. Brant. Cambridge. Canada. Catawba. Challenge. Clinton. Concord. Conqueror. Cornucopia. Cottage. Creveling. Croton. Cuyahoga. Delaware. Dracut Amber. Early Dawn. Elsinburg. Elvira. Essex. Florence. Gsertner. Goethe. Golden Gem. Hartford. Haskell's Hybrids, Nos. 184, 295, 300, .806,:340, Hayes. Highland. 3, 35, 36, 58, 95, 342, 343, 398. Vitis cordifoUa x riparia. Californica. Berlandiera. candicans. cinerea. candicans x rupestris. rupestris. monticola x rupestris. coriacea. Irving. Ives. Janesville. Jane Wylie. Jessica. Jewell. Lindley. Mammoth. Martha. Mary. Mary Ann. Massasoit. Maxatawney, Merrimac. Montefiore. Moore's Early. Niagara. Noah. North Carolina. Norton's Virginia. Perkins. Peter Wylie. Progress. Rebecca. Rentz. Requa. Rogers' Nos. 5, 8, 30. Taylor's Bullet. To-Kalon. Ulster. Vergennes. Waverly. Wilder. Wilmington Red. { Wyoming Red. ) Woodruff. Worden. Vitis cordifoUa. Linceeumi. monticola. riparia. Munsoniana. cordifoUa x Labrusca. cordifoUa x cestivaUs. cestivaUs x cinerea. 110 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. MULBEKRIES. Downing's Everbearing. Russian. Morus alba. M. nigra. M. Hispanica. Alexander. Andrew's Mammoth. Beers Smock. Blood-leaf. Bray's Rareripe. Chinese. Chinese Cling. Double CameUia-flowered. Double White. Early Canada. Early Louise. Ellison. Franklin. Gary's Hold On. Golden Cuba. HiU's Chili. Jacques. Jennie Worthen. Boston. PEACHES AKD NECTARTIfES. Peaches. McCallister. Morris Co. Rareripe. Mountain White. Mrs. Brett. Old Mixon. Peen-to. Picquitt's Late. Prince's Excelsior. Pyramidal. Salway. Smock. Tong-pa. Van Buren's Dwarf. Wager. Washington. WUlow-leaf. Yellow Extra. Various seedlings. Nectarines. I Pitmastoh Orange. PEARS. Anjou. Bartlett. Bessemianka. Bu-ket. Bloodgood. Bosc. Boussock. Brandywine. Century. Clapp. Cocklin. Daimyo. Duchesse Hybrid. Early Harvest of New Jersey. Early Harvest of Ohio. Garber. Grand Isle. Gray Doyenne. Gris d'Hiver. Hardy. Howell. Josephine de Malines. Jefferson. Kieffer. Lawrence. Little Gem. Louise Bonne. Lucrative. Macomber. Macomber's No. 6. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. Ill Madeleine. Marshall. Napoleon. Onondaga. Osband's Summer. Refreshing. Rostiezer. Sandwich Island. Seckel. Sheldon. Smith's Hybrid, Sopiegianka. Summer Doyenne. Superfin. Tyson. Urbaniste. Vicar. White Doyenne. Wild Bergamot. Wilkinson's Winter. Winter Nelis. PLUMS. Varieties of Primus domestica. [Those marked with an asterisk are from recent importations from Russia or adjacent regions.] *Arab. Bleecker's Gage. Bradshaw. German Prune. * Hungarian. Jefferson. * Kazan. Lombard. * Merunka. * Moldavka. Moores' Arctic. Niagara. * Orel 19. Pond. Quackenbos. Richland. * Riga 11. * Russian 2. * Russian 3. Shipper's Pride. Shropshire Damson. Smith's Orleans. Tobias' Gage. * Ungarish. Washington. Varieties of Prunus Americana and P. OJdcasa. Basset's American. Clinton. Cumberland. DeCaradeuc. Deep Creek. De Soto. Early Red. Forest Garden. Forest Rose. Golden Beauty. Hattie. Indian Chief. Indiana Red. Itaska. Jennie Lucas. Kenyon. Langdon. Maquoketa. Marianna. Miner. Minnesota. Minnetonka. Moreman . Newman. Parsons. Purple Yosemite. Quaker. RoUingstone. Wayland. Wazata. Weaver. Wild Goose. Wolf. ► Yellow Yosemite. Various seedlings. 113 DEPARTMENT EEPORTS. RASPBERRIES. Red. Amazon. Crimson Beauty. Cuthbert. Diadem. Early Prolific. Fastolf. Franconia. Hansell. Heebner. Henrietta. Herstine. Highland Hardy, Little. Little's Prolific. Lost Rubies. Marlboro. Michigan Early. Miller's Favorite. Montclair. Nameless. Niagara. Parnell. Philadelphia. Prosser. Queen. Rancocas. Red Cluster. Reder. Reliance Superb. Surprise. Talcott. Thwack. Turner. Welsh. Numerous seedlings. Beebe's Golden. Belle de Fontenay. Brinckle's Orange. Caroline. Golden Queen. Yellow; mostly Ruhus Idceus. Ker's White. Macomber. River's Yellow. Yellow Antwerp. Black. Ada. Centennial. Davison (Thornless). Doolittle. Earhart. Gregg. Hilborn. Hopkins. Johnson's Sweet. Kellogg. Macomber No. 2. Mammoth Cluster. ^ Ohio. Pride of the West. I Shaffer. I Springfield. Sweet Home. Tyler. Wetherbee. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 113 STEAWBEEEIES. Floioers perfect or Msexual. [The dagger placed before a variety indicates that the stamens are many and well developed, and that the variety will likely prove valuable as a fertilizer.] Agriculturist. Stamens very few. AUey's No. 9. Alpha. -|-Arlington. Arnold's Pride. fAtlantic. fBelmont. fBidwell. fBig Bob. Black Defiance. Bright Ida. fCapt. Jack. Cheney. Stamens very few. fCinderella. Columbus Wilson. Stamens very^few. Countess. fCowing. fCrystal City. fCumberland. f Damask Beauty. Downing. tDuchess. f Duncan. EUisdale. f Em eral Emma. Erebus. Eureka. Stamens very few. Excelsior. fFinch (Finch's Prolific). Garretson. Stamens very poor. fGlendale. fGoldsmith. fGreat American. • fHart's Minnesota. Hathaway's No. 3. Stamens very few. Heffner's No. 1. Henderson. Stamens very few. Hervey Davis. Howell. fldeal. Indiana. Je&sie. Jucunda. Kentucky. Kinney's Eclipse. IS Lacon. Stamens very few. fLougfellow Improved. Louella. fLower. Maggie. Magnum Bonum. Marvin. fMary Fletcher. f May King. f Minamed. Miner. fMinnetonka. fMoore's Early. fMrs. Garfield fMt. Vernon. New Dominion. New Jersey Scarlet. fNicanor. Nigh's Superb. fNoble's Seedling. Norman. tOld Iron Clad. fOntario. tOrient. fParry. Pautucket. Philadelphia. fPhoto. Pioneer (King of the North). Piper. tPresident Lincoln. Prouty. Reed's Late Pine. Richmond. Russell's Advance. Seneca Queen. fSharpless. Shirts. fSucker State. Sunapee. Triomphe de Gand. tVick. Vineland. fWarren. fWilson. Woodruff No.'l. 114 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Floiuers strictly pistillate. Bancroft. BeUe. Champion (Windsor Chief). Connecticut Queen. Cornelia. Crawford's No. 93. Crescent. Daniel Boone. Fairy. Gipsy. Grand Duke. Green Prolific. Hathaway's No. 5. Hathaway 's No. 9. Hefifner's No. 2. Hovey. Huddleston. Jersey Queen. Jewell. Jockey Cap. Manchester. Miami. Neuman. Prince of Berries. Twin. Woodruff No. 2. The follotuing have not yet fruited loith us. Bubach. Cardinal. Cohanzick. Crawford. Crimson Cluster. Daisy. Gandy's Prize. Gold. Gothic. Haverland. Itaska. Kirkwood. Lida. Alpine Wood. Belle Bordelaise. Livingston. Mammoth. Marion. Monmouth. New Continental. Ohio. Prairie Queen. Queen of the West. Sumniit. Tritt's Surprise. Victoria. Many Seedlings. The Jolloioing Foreign Species are Grown. Royal Hautbois. MISCELLAlirEOUS LIST OF FRUITS. Simon's Plum, Priuius Simoni. Wild Peach, P. umbellata. Beach Plum, P. marititna. Dwarf or Sand Cherry, P. pumila. David's Peach, P. Davidiana. Mahaleb, P. Mahaleh. Myrobolan Plum, P. Myroholanus. Wild Olive, E Magnus angustifolia. Kussian Olive, E. Songorica. Walnut, Juglans nigra. Elder, Samhucus racemosa. Huckleberries, Vaccinium corymhosum, V. vacillans, V. Pennsylvanicuni^ V. Canadense. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 115 Wild Crab, Pyrus coronaria. P. Toringa. P. Malus var. spectahilis. P. Malus var. ortJiocarpa. P. prunifolia Y&r.flava. Medlar, Pyrus Germatiica. P. salicifoUa. P. ietuUfolia. P. Sinensis. June-berry, Amelanchier Canadensis. Dwarf June-berry or Service, A. canadensis var. Paradise Stocks. Quinces, — Orange and Meech. Barberry, Berheris vulgaris. B. trifoliata. Wild Black Currant, Rihes floridum. Rihes prostratum. Prickly Pear, Opuntia Rafinesquii, Bear Bramble, Ruhus ur sinus. Mazzard Cherry. Blackman Plum (supposed hybrid of peach and plum). Chinquapin, Castanea pumila. Japanese Chestnut. Spanish Chestnut. ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. Aside from the following plants, many curious and ornamental trees and shrubs are growing in the College arboretum. Alders: Wild, Alnus serrulata. Cut-leaf, A. glutinosa hort. laciniata. Almond: Flowering, Prunus nana. Arbor- vitae: Common, Tliuja occidentalis. Sibirian, J. occidentalis hort. Sibirica. Hovey's, T. occidentalis hort. Hoveyi. Pyramidal, 2. occidentalis hort. pyramidalis. Heath-like, J. occidentalis hort. ericoides. Globose, 2. occidentalis hort. glohosa. Ashes: White, Fraxinus Americana. Black, F. samhucifolia. Eed, F. puhescens. Bald Cypress : Taxodium disticTium. Barberries: Common, Berber is vulgaris. Mahonia, B. Aqui folium. Basswoods : Common, Tilia Americana. Broad-leafed, T. platyjJhylla. Weeping white, T. alba hort. pendula. European, T. Europcea. Beech: Fagus ferruginea. Birch: White, Betula alba. Cut-leaf weeping white, B. alba hort. laciniata. Canoe, B. papyrifera. llti DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Bittersweet : Celastrtis scmidens. Bladder-nut : Stajjliylea trifolia. Blue-beech: Carjnnus Americana. Box-elder: Negundo aceroides. Brambles: Blackberry, Rubus villosus. Black raspberry, R. occidentalis. Buckeyes and Horse-chestnuts: Horse-chestnut, j3Ssculus Hippocastanum. Ohio, ^. glah-a. Dwarf, u^. parviflora. Buckthorn: Rhamnus catharticus. Burning-bush: Euonynnis atropurpureus. Catalpas: Small-flowered, Catalpa hignonioides . Large-flowered, C. speciosa. Kaempfer's, C. Kaempferi. Teas' Hybrid. €edar: Juniiierus Virginiana. Cherries: Wild black. Primus serotina. Choke, P. Virginiana. Bird, P. Padus. Sand, P. pumila. Double-flowered sweet. Double-flowered sour. Chestnut : Castanea vesca. Clematis : Common wild, Clematis Virginiana. Various garden varieties. Coffee-tree: Oynnodadus Canadensis. Cucumber-tree: Magnolia acuminata. Currant : Buffalo, Rihes aureum. Deutzia: Deutzia crenata. Dogwoods, Osiers. Flowering, Cornus fiorida. Alternate-leaved, C. alternifolia. Paniculate, C. paniculata. Eed osier, C. stolonifera. Siberian, C. Sibirica. Dutchman's Pipe: Aristolochia Siplio. Elders : Common, Sambucus racemosa. Black, S. nigra hort. variegata. Elms: Common, Ulmus Americana. Red, U. fulva. Cork, U. racemosa. English, U. campestris. Wheatley's English. Fringe-tree : Chionantlius Virginica. Grape: Wild, Vitis 7-iparia. Ginkgo: Ginkgo bifolia. Hazels: Common, Corylus Americana. Beaked, C rostrata. Hercules' Chib: Aralia ^pinosa. Hickories: Shellbark, Carya alba. Bitternut, G. amara. HOETICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 117 Honeysuckles: Lonicera Tartarica. L. fragrantissima. Hop-tree : Ptelea trifoliata. Hydrangea : Hydrangea paniculata hort. grandiflora. H. radiata. Iron-wood : Ostrya Virginica. Itea: Itea Virainica. June-berry: Amelancliier Canadensis. Junipers : Common, Juniperus communis. Swedish, J. commutiis liort. Suecica. Irish, J. communis hort. Hihernica. Northern, J. Sahina var. procumhens. Larches : American or Tamarack, Larix Americaria. European, L. Etiropcea. Lead-plant : Amorplia fruticosa. Lilac : Common, Syringa vulgaiHs, lilac and white. Josikea, 8. Josihcsa. Persian, S. Fersica. Locusts: Honey, Gleditscliia triacantlios. Common, Rohinia Pseudacacia, Kose acacia, R. Mspida. Maples: Sugar, Acer saccJiarinum. Black, A. nigrum. Eed, A. rxibrum. Silver, A. dasycarpum. Sycamore, A. Pseudo-Platanus. Norway, A. platanoides. Mountain, A. spicatum. European, A. campestre. Tartarian, A. Tartaricum. Wier's, A. dasycarpum hort. var. Mock Orange : PMladelphus coronarius. Moosewood : Dirca palustris. Mulberries : Wild, Morus ruhra. Black, M. nigra. White, M. alba. Spanish, M. Hispanica. Kussian. Nettle-tree : Celtis occidentalis. Oaks : White, Quercus alba. Swamp white, Q. bicolor. Burr, Q. macrocarpa. Black, Q coccinea var. tinctoria. Black-jack, Q. nigra. Chestnut, Q. Prinus var. acuminata. , Eed, Q. rubra. Osage Orange: Madura aurantiaca. Pea-tree : Caragana ariorescens. Peaches : Double white. Double camellia. Golden Cuba. 118 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. Peaches: Willow-leaf. Blood-leaf. Pyramidal. Pines: White, Pmiis Strobus. Austrian, P. Austriaca. Scotch, P. sylvestris. Corsican, P. Corsica. Cembrian, P. Cembra. Scrub, P. Banhsiana. Red, P. resinosa. Dwarf, P. pumilio. Plane-tree: Platanns occidentalis. Plums: VVild, Primus Americana. Pissard's, P. Pissardi. Poplars : Large-toothed, Populus grandidentata. Weeping, P. grandidentata hort. pendula. Aspen, P. tremuloides. White, P. alba. Lombardy, P. dilatata. Cottonwood, P. monilifera. Prickly Ash: Zanthoxylum Americanum. Py ruses: Apple, Pyrus Malus. Double-flowering apple, P. Malus hort. yar. Mountain Ash, P. Aucuparia. Hall's, P. Halleana. Wild, P. coronaria. Flowering crab, P. floribunda. Choke-berry, P. arbutifolia. P. domestica: P. hybrida. Quince : Japanese, Pyrus Japonica. Eetinosporas. Rhododendron : Rhododendron Catawbiense. Rhodotypus: Rliodotypus kerrioides. Roses: Swamp, Rosa Carolina. Dwarf, R. humilis. Pea-fruited, R. jnsocarpa. Sassafras: Sassafras officinalis. Silver-Ball: Halesia tetraptera. ' Smilax : Smilax hispida. Spireas: Spircsa sorbifolia. 8. triloba. Spruces: White, Ptcm aZJa. Black, P. nigra. Norway, P. excelsa. Dwarf Norway, P. excelsa hort. var. Oriental, P. orientalis. Blue fir, P. pungens. Balsam fir, P. balsamea. Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 119 Sumacs: Smoke-tree, Rhus Cotinus. Common, R. typliina. Ds^rarf, R. copallina. Tamarisk: TamaiHx Gallica. Thorns: English, Cratcegus Oxyacantha. Cock-spur, C. Crus-galli. Eed, C. coccinea. Punctate, C. punctata. Douglas', G. Douglasii. Viburnums: Snow-ball, Viburnum Opulus. Arrow-wood, V. dentatam and F. puhescens. Dockmackie, V. acerifolium. Sheep-berry, V. Lentago. Virginia Creeper and Japanese Ivy: Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Ivy, A. tricuspidata. Walnut: Juglans nigra. White-wood: Tulip-tree, Liriodendron Tulipifera. Willows: Wisconsin weeping, Salix Bahylonica? Black, 8. nigra. White, 8. alba. Shining, 8. lucida. Petioled, 8. petiolaris. Pussey, 8. discolor. Beaked, 8, rostrata Winter-bery: Ilex verticillata. Wistaria: Wistaria 8ine7isis. Witch Hazel : HamameUs Virginica. Yellow-wood: Cladrastis tincloria. VI. Calendae of Teebs and Sheubs. — A knowledge of the times of the appearing and fall of the leaves of plants is important in many respects, especially when the observation extends over a period of years. lb is neces- sary to a correct knowledge of the vital processes in plants. It is also inval- uable in determining the varying periods of growth in different latitudes and under varying conditions. It also enables us to form an accurate judg- ment of the comparative progress of the seasons in different years. For two and a half years we have kept an accurate record of the appeariug and the fall of leaves in various trees and shrubs upon the College grounds. These records are now presented in a tabulated form. In almost every case a single average tree or shrub has been selected for observation during the three years. While this method gives us the charac- teristics of the individual rather than of the species, it is, nevertheless, invaluable from the fact that it eliminates all variations due to soil and exposure; and the writer is confident, from a considerable observation, that even these selected and isolated specimens represent very closely the char- acteristics of the species. It is of course impossible to fix an exact date upon which the leaves of any plant begin to fall. An occasional leaf may fall at any time. In the fol- lowing table the date of the first falling of the leaves designates the day when the first conspicuous fall, due to the maturity of the leaf, took place. In the instance of the oaks, which usually hold a portion of their leaves 120 DEPARTMENT EEPORTS. during the winter, no date has been fixed to designate the entire bareness of the branches. Usually the last leaves to disappear from most trees are those on the higher or younger shoots. These shoots mature last. ''With respect to the fall of leaves, it has been noticed that three more or less distinct periods are observable. The first occurring, on an average, a week earlier than the main fall, is marked by the loss of the leaves of the weakly twigs. The second comprises the main defoliation. The third embraces the period during which straggling leaves, mostly on branches which have been shaded during the growing season, successively disappear. This period is often lim- ited only by the beginning of growth the next spring."* The following tables can afford a basis for the comparative study of plant life only as they are compared with similar observations made in other places. The critical reader will be liable to learn from them alone, among other things, something of the earliness or lateness of the last three seasons, however. * Wm. Trelease, 2 nd. Rep. Wis. Exper. Sta., 59. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 121 10 as a 0^ to Pi =1 ^ CO CO e3 ID o a 1-3 a a a o m O el a a o I— t O f— t 0° i .a it" a a o o m TO ^|3 ^ d a o ID el en t oj cm CO CO (D (D a el p el >-i 1-5 CO l-H a a el el a el >-5 CO rH — I CO a el 1-5 H5 9 0} CI el el 1-5 1-5 el 1-5 el el 1-5 to a o a 1-5 el d 1-5 00 03 i-H rH iH -^Ji ID a 1-5 ID ID ei el pi el 1-5 t-5 ID el 1-5 ID CI el 1-^ IN CIS N OO »0 c3 d d g § S N OS l-H cS eg >. t» >. g >3 S cS c6 ^ § § § IN >. CS c3 e3 d a, S o o O a CO >> oe S o ■* o tH in S «J S 5- 5 ij •^ -d^ g o O ^ M ^ o O O O O O o O o o o O O O o C o O o O o O o o O O o O o O S N O O o O t- 1-1 >■ > o o o o o o o ;? o O CO lO IN IN in r- IN l-H > ^i > -M -1-5 O o O O O :? o iz; o o a a bll O CO o O o O o o O O o O o o o O O O o O o o O O o CO CO .-I CO CO CO 1-H 1-1 N o o o o o O O O O O *3 o O O O o O O O -*j +3 +j o o o O O O O O 4^-^-^-1-3 o o a o O O O O o O C^ ^ U ^ s ^ , -u -M -*J -4^ o. o, p< Pi Qi (U C ;z; w 8 6 o -8 S v> "8 o o .2 S Hi "8 8 S 5 CJ 8 w w > d o 'o Oh I ID a 1-5 ■S2 e Co s p 8 8> CO -8 cS Pi ID CO Pi ID CO o CO >o •n CO CTi cu IN l-H IN IN -1-3 +s -M -^J -^ -t-i -w Oi CJ o a o o o a> o O O O O O o CO O Pi ID CO Pt ID § 5 Pi >. m oj [5 ^ t4 Tl o 11) ^ tf Pi ID 8 o ■8 S ^ o U o a o CO 8 3 ID S o3 o o ^ 3 122 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. V- a m ^ V o bo a •' o I ^ 4-1 3 b CO i-H o D O (3 H !3 P 1-5 t-5 a I o S ■a I-H D o CD m o I-H a ►-5 3 Pi Co a a o 2 en en O O a CO o a O a u iS^ ft a -a SCO I- I be I 3 00 ^ a! a a to C5 ►-5 1-5 el •-5 3 3 3 o3 3 3 1-5 o 3 3 ■-5 >> >. >. a OS oi S S S 3 3 •-5 3 3 •-5 3 3 1-^ S S! « 3 3 >-5 O >. cj d C8 05 CO d d r-l (M &■ & ^" d d CL § s ^ CO OS d d d d Pi n CO CO d d d d to >. d o d 03 d C* N ej d Pi Pi Pi d Pi Pi a Pi js ft Pi O O o O o O O O IM O O It 3 3 1-5 d d d Pi a bD a a 03 O u O o O o O O o O o o O O o o O O O O o O O o O o O o O o O lO 00 03 T-H O O O O > o 'A o o O O O 00 94 et CO O O C) u O O u O o O o O O O o O O O o O Pi OI o O O O o O S Oi a> o ?; ,a o e^ (M w -fi 4^ -^ Pi Pi a oj D m r/! CO CO ft 03 Pi o SQ 3 d o a GO 05 d a 3 32 c c X5 Si Cj ? e p. S 1 03 Pi OI O e S 8 w CO o O O O O O O O o o O C ft ft "S IB a> o 73 M O 8 ft r. s e 3 c o o o ^ ^ ^ d ^ o _d S e Si e Pi d d be 3 CO ;s d ,-7 '-' is d O c3 o 5P d 8 3 d O o o 8 8 CO o be c 03 O ?? o A S 8 oo CO .5 1 1 s oo S ^ fe ti .M 3 IP 8 t o S ft. s s 8 i o s s s s •-a 8 pa ^^ h^ I-H I— I ,— ( I-H S ^ > >> ai cS P< S S < a a a o i— I d !3 1-5 O a a ^ o d 1-5 O S »■ II a a d d li •c Pi 3) o 4> D (» 0) e d d d d d d d d d a d a d d d d d d d 3 d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d f? 1-5 1-5 1-^ •-5 »-5 1-5 •-5 •-5 •-5 1-5 1-5 •-5 1-5 •-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 O I- ,_« ,_, ■*t . (» d d ►-5 > » >, >> >. >. 0) d d 1-5 >. >> > ■l (D d d H5 >. >. >. >. 0) d d 1-5 K >. >» >. >> >. Oi cS cS a (S Si a! a! «i es « OS es Oi a c8 a ff d cs; g S § S S § g S s S IS S S s g S ^ >- s § ^ Ui 1^ p, g g ^ ce . >. >^ ri cd c€ § g g eg g Pi > tn' Ih' * P< Pi ^ < < 03 g ■< u u p. p. < < p p (h Pi < eg eg u Pi <3 p eg g g «3 ft eg g (H Jh' >> ft ft W ♦a O O O O O .O O o o O O o o o O O O ft ft ft 02 rw ft ft ft ft CO M a ft « O^t 03 O r/3 CO O ft V CO IN IN N ft CO o o ft cc ft OI w ft ft CO CB ft CO O ■w O ■c e 5s S d ft 8 rQ e C5 e s e ft s Oh 0^ 3 S f ft (O o o eg d (S ft en iQ e e cq o pq ^ ." 8 I i ft > eg -to Co d .-S O eq d d « o 8 t« S g § d' o id -I.3 U d pq -8 S c 8 SO 8 5^ -a o o & d o 8 S q: a. d d u (O -d O o eg S £> 5 o 8 e:> CO to 8 d d m Si s 8 -2 g 8 a CO s 3 o C3 d CO OI id o ■8 8 O 8 3 3 Si o ft. O o d o 8 S 8 a •s. a 3 ~ w o W o O C -in ^ 4>^ 3K 3 After soaking 24 hours. Radishes. Days. 4X iX Peas. Days. 5 4>^ 4X 2>^ 3 2>^ Cabbage. Days. 4J^ From the above table it will be seen that in the eight hour series there was a gain of time in the germination of the seeds that had been soaked in the prepared solutions over those soaked in the pure water. The greatest gain was with the lime-water. In the twenty-four hours' series it is evident that the seeds soaked too long, especially in the chlorine solutions, where nearly every seed failed to germi- nate. In pure water the radishes and peas did well, while the cabbage, for some unknown reason, failed entirely. The seeds in the lime-water came out ahead, yet they did not average so well in this instance as in the eight hour series. From these experiments it appears probable that the germination of some seeds may be hastened by a previous soaking in solutions other thau pure water; and that a very weak solution of lime-water has the most marked effect, reducing the time of germination to thirty-six hours. This latter cor- responds with the results obtained by Von Humboldt with radish seeds soaked in the mono-chrotnide of camphor. Being unable to procure this camphor compound. Von Humboldt's experiment could not be repeated. The second experiment was performed by 0. C. Wheeler of the class of 1887. He reports it as follows: The solutions used were bromine, chlorine, lime and pure water. The first solution of bromine was pure bromine water, diluted to ten times its volume; the second was the first diluted to twice its volume, or the origi- nal bromine diluted to twenty times its volume; the third was the first dilu- ted to three times its volume, or the original bromine diluted thirty times its volume. The original bromine water is taken as the standard in com- puting the per cent. The first solution of lime-water was made by thorougly slacking 24.3 grams pure quick lime in two quarts of water. This is taken as the standard solu- tion from which the per cent of the other solutions is computed. The second solution is the lime-water diluted one-fourth its volume; the third solution is diluted twice its volume. The first solution of chlorine water was made by diluting pure chlorine water to five times its volume, the pure chlorine water being taken as the standard. The second solution was the pure chlorine diluted to ten times its volume. 17 130 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. The third solution was pure chlorine diluted to twenty-five times its volume. Besides these, pure water was used. As will be seen from the table, the seeds in the water were the last to germinate. In the twelve-hour series the earliest and best results were obtained with the second lime-water ; in cab- bages, with the bromine-waters; second lime-water and second chlorine- water in peas, with the second bromine-water and the third lime-water in beans, and with the third chlorine-water and ordinary water in radishes. Taken altogether, the best average percentages of germination, irrespective of time of germination, occurred as follows: Second lime-water, 69 per cent; second bromine-water, 65.6; third bromine- water, 63.6; third lime-water, 57.5; second chlorine-water, 55.3; first lime-water, 52; first bromine- water, 50.4; third chlorine-water, 44.6; first chlorine water, 39.7; water, 3G. ■4^ 4? Seeds remained in the solution Seeds remained in the solution 1 1 12 hours. 34 hours Cabbage. Pea. Bean. Radish. Cabbage. Pea. Bean. Radish. Solutions. ■a ■a •g •a •a ■a 'C o ce ^ o3 e3 ce ce cS a a a □ a a c a OJ a> V v IV o r— < M bo bu bD be 60 be bo tm ..J ..a 4^ ♦3 - •t^ a C S C a C c CD aa 4> 00 Kl 00 0) EQ v tn OQ b &. u K 3 3 3 3 3 s 3 3 ■4J 03 O n 48 £ o 48 100 a 72 60 O 48 O 30 32 o (—1 48 100 O W 72 80 O X 48 <£ 1. Bromine water .- 10 31 2. Bromine water 5 48 aS 48 100 72 100 48 72 30 36 48 100 73 61 48 55 3. Bromine water 3 48 60 48 100 73 40 48 74 30 100 48 80 73 48 55 4. Lime water 100 48 o M 48 60 72 48 48 30 60 48 100 72 60 48 88 5, Lime water 75 48 91 48 100 7?! '^ 48 7?, ■^0 69 48 100 72 20 48 80 6. Lime water 50 48 h^ 48 80 72 100 4S m 30 64 48 ion 1? n 48 80 7. Chlorine water 30 48 30 48 60 73 20 48 30 32 48 100 72 40 48 36 8. Chlorine water 10 48 c }i 48 100 73 10 48 50 30 72 48 100 73 60 48 50 9. Chlorine water 2M 48 dl 48 aao 72 60 48 80 30 44 48 80 72 10 48 62 10. Pure water 48 eO 48 / 73 40 48 80 30 00 48 60 72 h 48 60 a [n 73 hours 80 per cent had germinated. b In 73 hours 70 per cent had germinated, c In 73 hfuirs 51 per cent had germinated. (i In 96 hours 76 per cent had germinated. 6 In 96 hours 53 per cent had germinated. / In 73 hours 101) per cent had germinated. g In 64 hours 53 per cent had germinated. h In 96 hours 100 per cent had germinated. A series of similar experiments was performed some years since by M. Gary Lea, of Philadelphia, and the results are here condensed for comparison. One of the most satisfactory of Mr Lea's experiments was to ascertain the influence of ozone upon germination. * The seeds were placed upon gauze which rested upon water, the whole contained within a bell-glass. Into two bell-glasses ozone was admitted, while others were filled with atmos- pheric air. The germination and early growth were less rapid in the ozonized atmosphere than in the other. In the ozone, the young roots extended them- selves upwards instead of downwards, became pinkish at the extremities, and soon ceased to grow. On the "twelfth day the experiment was terminated. The average height of the wheat plants not exposed to ozone was ten inches; * Amer. Jour., Sci. 3d ser. sxxvii, 373. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 131 •of those exposed four inches. The effect of the ozone in checking the growth of the roots was very remarkable, especially with the wheat plants. In those not exposed to ozone, the roots attained a length equal to about one- fourth the height of the stem. In those exposed to it, the roots, after start- ing, almost immediately ceased to grow. The strongest plant attained a height of six inches and developed six rootlets, averaging only three-sixteenths of an inch in length, while those not exposed to ozone had many roots ■exceeding two and a half inches. As a whole, the roots produced by the plants under the influence of ozone did not exceed one-tenth of those pro- duced in its absence from an equal number of healthy seeds." Seeds placed in an atmosphere from which all carbonic acid had been removed germinated as readily as those in atmospheric air. Others placed in an atmosphere of carbonic acid did not germinate, although they after- wards germinated readily when exposed to the atmosphere. Subsequent experiments were made by the same investigator with various organic and inorganic substances.* In one instance twelve glasses of twelve and one-half oz. water each were prepared with solutions as follows: 8. A pair of zinc and copper plates con- nected above the surface by a wire and plunged in plain water. 9. Same, acidulated by three drops hydro- chloric acid. 10. Plain water for comparison. 11. Five grs. sulphite of soda. 12. Five grs. chlorate of potassa. A thin muslin was placed over the liquids so as to dip into them, and on this were placed in each case, twenty grains of wheat. The most rapid ger- minations during a period of six days occurred in solutions Nos. 4, 10, 11. At the end of the sixth day the poorest results were obtained fromlSTos. 1, 2, 3, 9. The following table shows the per cent of germination, and the pro- portional amount of vegetation at the end of seven days: 1. One drop sulphuric acid. 2. Two drops nitric acid. 3. Three drops hydrochloric acid. 4. Five grs. bicarbonate of potash. 5. Five grs. dry carbonate of soda. 6. Ten drops of rather weak liquid ammo- nia. 7. Five grs. bromide of ammonia. • Solution. Number of seeds that germinated out of twenty. S c _o o a. p a, c o s •a bo o c *^ a *^ bo a 2 ^ . C o. No. 1 18 U 3 16 U 13 11 16 8 16 12 13 ' 16.8 2 87 " 3. 2.8 " 4 100.0 " 5 65 6 " 6 60 9 *' 7 48.1 " 8 650 " 9 10.0 100 " 10 " 11 75 " 12 20 3 * Amer. Jour. Sci. Incl. Ser. xliii., 197. 132 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. In another instance, nine solutions were prepared in similar vessels, as follows : 6. Citric acid, five grs. 7. Sulphite of soda, twenty grs. 8. Permanganate of potash, two grs, 9. Nitrate of ammonia, twenty grs. 1. Plain water. 2. Cane sugar, thirty grs. 3. Gum, thirty grs. 4. Glycerine, one fl, drachm, 5. Sulphuric acid, one-fourth drop. At the end of thirteen days, during which the weather was very cold (Dec. ■ 10 to 23), the following was the condition of affairs: '^Nos. 2 and 4 were as far advanced as the plain water (No. 1), but no further. These substances therefore had not stimulated either germination or early vegetation in the wheat seeds. " In No. 3 fewer seeds germinated than in either of the foregoing, but the most advanced plants were fully one-half higher than any in Nos. 1, 2 or 4. " Nos. 7 and 9 were somewhat in advance of those in plain water, but not very much. "In No. 6 a large number germinated and appeared healthy, but they did not obtain one-fourth the height of those in No. 1, and, what was very remarkable, they formed no roots at all. "In No. 5 the plants were more advanced than in the citric acid (No. 6), and had healthy roots extending down into the liquid. " In No. 8 the condition of affairs most resembled that in the citric acid. In both the seeds had germinated and produced healthy looking plants an inch in height, but no roots whatever had been formed in either case. "Those plants which grew in the vessels containing solutions of cane sugar, gum, and glycerine, respectively, grew as fast and flourished as well as those in plain water, but it could scarcely be said that at the end of the month they presented any superiority." M. Albert Larbaletrier* has recently experimented upon seven agents in the germination of wheat: quicklime, sulphate of soda, permanganate of potash, sulphate of copper, sulphate of ammonia, sulphuric acid, and salt of lead [acetate of lead?]. The salt of lead produced the first germinations, thir- teen out of a hundred grains sprouting in three days. Permanganate of potash was second in influence. In the final results, with percentages of germinations, the salt of lead was most beneficial. The following are the best percentages of germination in eleven davs after sowing: Salt of lead, 99. Sulphuric acid, 80. Permanganate of potash, 75. Sulphate of copper, 74. In conclusion it may be said that in a practical way the results of all experiments here detailed concerning the hastening of germination by chem- ical means are unsatisfactory except in the instance of lime-water, bromine- water and chlorine-water. But however uncertain our knowledge of the agency of chemicals in hastening germination, we have many definite facts concerning the retarding or prevention of germination by many alkaline, saline and acid substances. " Nessler found, for example, that most saline solutions that are stronger than 0.5% are hurtful, both for seeds and for young plants that have just sprouted. Thus, a 0.5% solution of common salt prevented the germina- ♦ Le Cocq de Lautreppe in Country Gentleman, Nov. 10, 188", 852. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 133 tion of clover, rape, and hemp seeds, though a solution so weak as this did not prevent wheat from germinating. A 1% solution of the salt, however, prevented all but a few grains of wheat from germinating, and the sprouts that did start soon perished. Hemp seeds were injuriously affected by a solution of salt that contained no more than 0.25%. When moistened with a 1% solution of sulphate of ammonia, wheat seeds germinated, but the young plants would not grow, not even when the solution was only 0. 75%. . A comparatively large number of seeds germinated when wet with a 10% solution of sugar, but the growth of the young plants was hindered even by a 0.5% solution of it. Ferrous sulphate (copperas), even when its solution is no stronger than 0.05%, has an injurious effect, both on germination and on the further development of seeds that have already sprouted." * "Alkaline borates and silicates were found to retard germination, even when used in relatively small proportions, stronger solutions checking germi- nation for an indefinite period. Arsenious acid and the soluble arseniates prevented germination altogether by destroying the germ or embryo." f Blue vitriol has been found by Professor Henslow of England to possess no injurious influence upon the germination of wheat. These results are valuable as indicating the limit of danger in the use of substances sometimes employed as fungicides and insecticides. Nessler's results with solutions of common salt ar.e not fully confirmed by a series of careful experiments conducted at this college by W. K. Kedzie. J These experiments were undertaken chiefly to determine how much steeping in brine could be endured by wheat with the object of destroying the rust. With saturated solutions it was found that as high as 96% of the seeds germinated. The following table presents the results of one trial, the brines being kept at a temperature of 62° Fahr.,30 seeds of Diehl wheat being used in each instance : Percentage of salt in solution. 35 per cent. 35 " 55 " 35 " 35 " 36 " 55 " Length of time the seeds were allowed to soak. No. which germi- nated. 5 minutes 26 20 " 29 1 hour 28 2 "■ 26 18 " 21 1 " 18 5 " 22 "Grains were steeped in saturated brine [35%], also in brine of 25 per cent.', at an average temperature of 200° Fahr., for periods of 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 2 hours, and 5 hours, and in every case every grain was destroyed. An examination of the steeped grains revealed the germinating principle utterly destroyed. ***** ^j^ attendant phenomenon in the steeping of grains was the slow destruction and solution of the protective covering of the grains." The strongest brines, not hot, produced a very * Storer, Agriculture, ii. 395. + Experiments of Meckel, quoted by Burbidge, Cult. Plants, 33. t Rep. Mich. Board Agr. 1869, 190. 134 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. weak condition in the young seedlings, so that the percentages of germina- tion do not represent the value of the experiments. It is concluded that " the use of strong brines on seed wheat cannot be regarded as otherwise than somewhat hazardous. But as the brine needs simply to come in con- tact with the smut to destroy it, the bad effect on the wheat may be reduced to a minimum. If a saturated brine be diluted with one-third water, making a solution of 28 per cent., it may be used with comparative safety. * * * * * The popular custom of sifting on the grains, after soaking, lime, ashes, and plaster, is quite a safeguard against the pernicious effect of the brine, from their powerful drying and absorbent properties. ***** Oats are so generously provided by nature with a thick, warm, fibrous cover- ing that no soaking in saturated brine seems to exert any influence. * * * * * In saturated brines, grains of barley seem to be even more sus- ceptible to harm than the grains of wheat, an hour's soaking destroying about half; but if the saturated brine be diluted about half, making a solution of 18 per cent., the peril is entirely done away with." VIII. An Expekiment in Apple Cultuke. — The college apple orchards originally comprising about nine acres, was set in 1858. The original plantings were mostly Northern Spy, Baldwin, Talman Sweet and Seek-no- further. The soil is a strong sandy loam, in some parts inclining to be cold and wet. The orchard has received various treatments. For nearly ten years, begin- ning about 1873, careful and valuable experiments in culture were carried on by Dr. W. J. Beal.* In recent years the orchard has received less attention, being allowed to stand in sod. It has borne very few good crops, even from the first. In 1885, when the immediate control of the orchard passed into the hands of the writer, the trees presented a discouraging appearance. The previous hard winter had destroyed many of the largest trees on the lower land. Most of these trees were Baldwins, Greenings and Fall Jennettings. In fact, there is only one Baldwin left in the orchard and but two or three Greenings and Jennettings, and all are feeble. Many or all of these trees had been injured by a hard winter some ten or twelve years before. The remaining trees of the orchard, apparently from neglect in culture, were feeble during the year, the leaves presenting a yellow and sickly appearance. Many of them appeared to be dying. All the trees were very much stunted, there not being enough last year's wood on most of them to furnish even a few good scions. Many of the main limbs had died back from the ends and the dead portions were conspicuous in every direction. The trunks were often mossy and rough. The tops were for the most part very thick and low, so that no attempt at thorough culture could be made. Most of the orchard lay in a dense June grass turf. In short, the orchard was in so poor condition that several careful farmers recommended that it be cut down. The first work of renovation was to prune the trees. This was done vigor- ously in May, 1885, the tops being made high enough in every instance to allow the passage of a horse in harness. All limbs, irrespective of size, which would interfere seriously with plowing and cultivating, were removed. At the same time the tops of the trees were thinned considerably, though not to such an extent as to allow the sun to beat continuously upon the main * For results of these experiments, see Reports State Board of Agriculture, 1873, p. 47, 1874, p. 53, 1876, p. 119, 1877, p. 48, 1878, p. 72, 1880, p. 48. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 135 branches. The trunks and main limbs, so far as a man could reach, were scraped, all the loose bark and " moss " being removed. This scraping was performed solely for the purpose of making the trees look better. It is a common observation that the most successful orchardist is the tidiest one. Care was taken not to scrape into the live bark. The implements used for this purpose were old, well-worn hoes with the handles cut off about two- feet from the blade. This implement should be held loosely in the hand, else it will scrape too hard. As soon as the pruning was accomplished and the great quantity of brush removed, the ground was plowed, and plowed as deeply as possible. To be sure roots were broken, but this did no harm. The ground was cultivated at intervals with the spring-tooth harrow, and in August a second plowing, in the opposite direction, was made. No crops were planted. There was no effect produced upon the trees that year. The season's growth, if any, was well under way when the first plowing was made. The leaves continued yel- low, and fell very early, as usual. In 1886 the same treatment was repeated. Nearly as much pruning was done as in the previous year, this time, of course, entirely in the tops of the trees. Care was exercised, however, not to prune the tops so thin that the large limbs would be injured by the sun. The trees early showed signs of improvement. Although the summer was dry, the growth on all the trees was good and the leaves assumed a dark, vigorous color, and remained very late upon the trees. So marked was the improvement in the orchard that it was a subject of common remark. A fair crop of apples, some 300 bushels, was also gathered. In the spring of 1887 the orchard was again plowed, deeply as always before, and the sod was removed from all the trees by hand. The tops are now so high that the plow turned over nearly all the sod. The ground was now in good heart. The trees set very full of fruit, and no pruning was attempted. Although the trees have borne a heavy crop, and the season has been one of almost unprecedented drouth, the growth has been heavy. The bearing trees are 140 in number, of which less than 100 — all Northern Spy — are a prolific variety and produced apples which find a demand in market. There are a number of Sweet Romanites and others which can not be expected to return a profitable crop. The sales for the year have been as follows : 274bbls. No. 1 (822 bu.) @ $1 35 $369 90 100 bbls. No. 2 (300 bu.) @ 75 75 00 60 bu. @ $0 25 15 00 lOObu.® 30 30 00 220 bu. made into cider® $0 20.. 44 00 300 bu. cider apples @ $0 05 15 00 1802 bu $548 90 The reason for the great proportion of cider apples is the heavy crop and the drouth, rendering it impossible for all the fruit to mature. Thinning would probably have paid. The crop was remarkably free from worms. Old apple buyers declared that they had never seen so few wormy apples in a crop. This freedom from insects was due to sprayings of Paris green. Field's force pump, manufactured at Lockport, N. Y., for about $30.00, was used for 136 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. this operation. It is a double-acting pump and is geared from a hind wheel of the wagon. A rough platform ^as made for the wagon, and upon this a kerosene barrel, with the pump attached, was securely fastened. One man drove and one handled the hose, which is about ten feet long. One side of a row can be sprayed at a time, and if the wind is right there need be little inconvenience about the work. We experienced some diflBculty in getting the motion right, but it was finally adjusted so as to be perfectly satisfactory. The motion must be tolerably rapid so that the team shall not need to hurry by a tree too quickly. The hose nozzle which came with the pump — the " Boss " nozzle — we found to be almost worthless, as it did not spread the stream well. A flattened nozzle is much more satisfactory. We also felt the need of a handy and rapid shut-off, in the case of vacant places in the orchard. This we supplied. Otherwise the machine was entirely satisfactory. It has an attachment which constantly agitates the water in the barrel, keep- ing the Paris green in suspension. There are many hand force-pumps which can be procured cheaply, and which will answer all the purposes of this pump for small orchards. We shall endeavor to use this pump for spraying potatoes. We used a half-pound of Paris green to a kerosene barrel of water. In one instance we used three-fourths of a pound, but the liquid injured the foliage. The apple industry is undoubtedly diminishing in many parts of the State. The old orchards are beginning to fail and new ones are not being set to any extent. Although prices for apples have been low for the last few years, there is every reason to believe that an orchard of moderate extent if intelligently managed, will add a reliable source of income to the general farmer. There are hundreds of orchards throughout the State which are not bearing but which could be brought into fruitfulness for a number of years by vigorous culture. There is no doubt but that judicious pruning, good tillage and lib- eral manuring will maintain or restore the fertility of most orchards. Some orchards are now, of course, too old to rejuvenate. There may be danger in vigorous orchards of carrying the cultivation so far that nearly all the ener- gies of the trees will be directed to the production of wood. The grower must determine the culture which shall meet his requirements. It is true that in the great majority of cases, however, the culture is inadequate. Barn-yard manure, when it can be spared, is valuable for the bearing orchard. Permanent sod is an injury to the orchard. This has been proved in the •experience of nearly every successful orchardist. It is forcibly illustrated in ithe instance of the old College orchard. In the earlier experiments conducted by Dr. Beal the same fact was emphasized. For some years he kept a part of the trees in sod, others were cultivated thoroughly, while still others were cultivated at varying distances from the body of the tree. Even as early as 1874 he found that ''trees in grass made less growth, looked yellow in foli- age, and bore smaller fruit and apparently less of it." In 1875 he observed that *' the evidences look more and more strongly every year against the pro- priety of leaving trees, in our section, in grass. They have stood the severe winters no better; they have borne no better; the apples are smaller ; the trees grow more slowly ; a greater proportion of trees have died than of those cultivated each year. So marked have been the results that we have plowed up about half that part of the orchard which was left in grass." IX. Miscellaneous Notes.— 1. Bud Variation. — A bud-varietv is a HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 137 form or variation which suddenly appears upon some branch of a plant. The phenomenon is known as bud-variation. Darwin was one of the first to pre- sent a catalogue of bud-varieties and to discuss them in a scientific manner. Well-known examples of bud-variation are the appearing of the nectarine upon the peach tree, yellow cherries upon red-fruited trees, weeping or drooping branches upon trees of upright growth, etc. The causes of these singular phenomena are unknown. Many of our choicest varieties of ornamental plants and some of our fruits originated in this manner. Bud-variations of greater or less degree are common, and are known to all good observers. It is probable that the anomalous apples, which occasionally appear, partaking of the external character of some very different sort, are bud-varieties, and not the immediate effects of cross-fertilization, as is commonly supposed. Certain it is that artificial crossing will rarely, if ever, produce the distinct bands of color which are often seen in these sports. It is not an uncommon circumstance to find russeted apples upon a Rhode Island Greening tree, or a fruit of a normally white-fruited variety marked with definite zones or sec- tions of red or brown. The singular and pleasing diversity of color which is often displayed in autumn among the branches of the same tree should probably also be referred to bud-variation. It is probable that these colors are often characteristic of the same branches year after year. One of the most marked cases of bud-variation which ever came under my notice was observed this year upon a tree of Onondaga pear. One branch, so placed as to remove all possibility of its being a root-sprout or a graft, bore about a •dozen pears which were intensely and uniformly russeted. They were so dif- ferent in appearance from the pears upon the remainder of the tree that no one would suppose for a moment that they were the same variety. Even the Sheldon does not differ more widely from the Onondaga in appearance than does this singular sport. Trees will be propagated from each part of the tree. A very striking bud- variation was observed last year in a bunch of grapes. The grape was one of the hybrids obtained by Mr. George Haskell of Ipswich, Mass. (No. 95). The larger part of the bunch bore fruits of the ordinary size and the ordinary, almost insipid flavor, but one branch of it bore fruits about half as large, with thinner skin, an entirely different and better flavor, and seedless. In fact, these small grapes were as good as the Deleaware. A drawing of the cluster was made and was sent, together with various notes upon Haskell's hybrids, to an agricultural journal, but the manuscript was lost before reaching the press. As I neglected to preserve other notes, I cannot give measurements. Bud-variation is not sufficiently known among horticulturists. It is a sub- ject of great practical importance, it occurs to me. To indicate the direc- tion of bud-variation in grapes, I translate the following from Carriere's suggestive Production et Fixation des Varieties dans les Vegetaux, a work which appeared before the publication of Darwin's remarks on bud-varia- tion: " Bud-variation is comparatively common in the vine. It is well under- stood in this case, as the vine is one of the oldest of cultivated plants and as it is multiplied almost always by cuttings; and as cuttings are made by millions each year a bud-variety soon becomes widely disseminated. It fre- quently happens that a shoot will produce grapes differing in form or color from those which are borne upon other shoots of the same vine. We may 18 138 ' DEPARTMENT REPORTS. add that these variations nearly always present peculiar qualities also. We ■will cite examples. "Upon a plant of black-fruited Muscat grape we have observed for several years that some shoots produce white grapes. " The white seedless Corinth is a bud-variety from a variety which has much larger fruits with se eds. This is a fact which we have several times observed upon bunches where some fruits were unusually developed and which contained seeds. The White Corinth is analagous to the Ghesselas de Demoiselles. Like this, it is the result of a lack of fertilization of the flowers. "A proprietor of large vineyards in the middle of France, the late Cazalis Allut, wrote some years ago as follows : " 'A stock of Teret produced with me, for several years, black grapes upon shoots of two of its arms, and grey grapes upon shoots of the other arms. A stock of Epiran gris, trained in cordon, is now about forty feet long. The first twenty feet produce constantly grey grapes and the remainder produces white ones. I have in an enclosure a stock of Epiran noir having several arms. The shoots of one of the arms give grapes almost twice as large as those on other parts of the vine.' "Another viticulturist, M. Henri Bouschet of Montpellier, wrote very recently: — " 'I have had occasion for several years to use in my collection at Lot-et- Garonne, a plant of Prictiella gris, which, sometimes upon one stem, some- times upon two, bore black grapes, while the remainder of the vine bore grey ones. I have noticed for two years in my collection at Calmelte a most curious fact upon three grafts of a Spanish variety which came to me from the collection of Luxembourg, where it is called Parrel del Regno de Lorca and which I have recognized as our Morastel noir. One of these three stocks has borne on one side, to my great surprise, black grapes exactly similar to those of the Morastel, and upon the other side, constantly, white bunches having an appearance very different from an ordinary white Morastel, and presenting a foliage very different in size and form. This odd foliage appears to me to be identical with that of the Oyo de Rey de Morada, of which the leaves, bright yellowish-green, present very shallow rounded dentate lobes, while the leaves of the Morastel are deep green with deep divisions, the lobes acute, with teeth detached and terminating in a point.' " A passage which we find in the Parfait Vigneron (edition of 1811) seems to confirm entirely the opinions which we give concerning bud-varia- tions in grapes: — " ' A citizen of Vilmorin has observed a stock of Meunier to bear, upon some shoots, leaves and fruits of Maurillon lirecoce. A citizen of Jumilhac has seen likewise the Meunier become Maurillon.^ "Therefore the grape called Madeleine, Juillet, Maurillon hdtif, etc., is only an accident from Meunier, a fact which shows, as we have said before, that the varieties produced by bud-variation can present qualities different from those presented by the plants from which they come. " Upon a plant of Pinot gris there appeared at the museum in 1863 a shoot whose leaves were much variegated or striped with yellow. It produced a grape very similar to the variety from which it came. It appeared to be much less fertile, however. " In 1863 we observed two other very remarkable examples. One example refers to the Precoce Malingre, the other to the variety designated by the HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 139 name of Verjus. These examples present contrary results. Thus, while Precoce Malingre has long oval fruits, scattered, and the bud-variety which appeared upon it had round fruits borne close together and larger thau those of the type, the Verjus has slightly oblong or nearly spherical fruits and the bud-variety which was developed upon it had fruits long-oval and attenuated at both ends, and somewhat later than those of the type. " The Ghasselas gros Goulard is a bud-variety which appears frequently upon the ordinary Chasselas. Its fruits are large and spherical. They of ten drop. It differs especially from the Chasselas by its stronger shoots with joints much closer together, and by its leaves being less lobed, a little longer and thicker, of a glossy green as if varnished. It differs also from the ordi- nary Chasselas in its temperament. It needs much heat and also shelter from the influence of the air. It generally succeeds well in forced culture. '- The Chasselas cle Demoiselles, remarkable for its fruits which are scarcely larger than shot, is a bud-variety from the ordinary Chasselas. This phe- nomenon appears to be due to the partial abortion of the sexual organs and particularly of the anthers, whence results the lack of impregnation of the flowers and the consequent abortion of seeds. Propagated by cuttings, it pre- serves its characters. A variety with variegated leaves has appeared from the ordinary Chasselas." For further notes upon bud-variations the reader is referred to the follow- ing notes upon potatoes. ^. Brief potato notes. — Several new varieties of potatoes have been grown in the College garden. Brief notes respecting a few unnamed sorts are here appended. In the spring of 1886 the Department received from the National Depart- ment of Agriculture a packet of potato seeds labeled " Pringle's Hybridized Potato Seed." We wrote Mr. Pringle as to the history of this seed, and had reply to the effect that the seed was not the result of hybridization* but of crossing " amongst several of our best varieties of potatoes." The seed was sowed, and three or four bushels of tubers were raised the first year. These tubers were very variable in size, shape and color, but they fell readily under six general divisions : 1. Long, red. 2. Round, red. 3. Long, dark purple. 4. Round, dark purple. 5. Long finger-shaped, white. 6. Round, white. Separated in this manner, the tubers were planted this year. The crop of each appeared to follow the parent tubers very closely. All yielded well, but the tubers were very small, owing, no doubt, to the drouth. No. 6 is larger than the other sorts, and resembles the old Peach-blow. The Mexican or Central American potato has been grown at the College for about ten years. Dr. W. J. Beal received the tubers, the largest about an inch in diameter, from Harvard University. They increased steadily in size, some three years ago the best tubers measuring three inches in diam- eter the longest way. This potato is apparently a wild form of the com- * A hybrid springs from the union of two distinct species, while a cross springs from the union of varieties of the one species. 140 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. raon potato. It grows luxuriantly and produces balls in abundance. A few tubers were sent to three farmers in different parts of the State for trial. Mr. L. D. Watkins, Manchester, writes as follows : "The potatoes were planted on first-class farming land, and treated the same as other potatoes. The total yield was twenty-seven and one-fourth pounds [three or four tubers were sent him J. They grew until frost killed the vines. They did not blossom. The five largest tubers weighed twelve ■ounces. Baked, our verdict is that they are of good flavor." Mr. W. E. Hale, Eaton Kapids, reports as follows: " The wild Mexican tubers were planted about May 12, in a sandy loam, which had been well manured. We cut them the same as other potatoes, placing one and two pieces in a hill. The dry weather did not appear to injure them as much as it did the other kinds, yet it was so dry that they 4id not do much until the fall rains came. There were a good many in a hill, but all of them small, yielding about a half peck in all." Mr. C. F. Wheeler, Hubbardston, writes : " The tubers of the wild Mexican potato sent by you May 7, '87, were planted May 13, in light, sandy soil which had received a good dressing of wood ashes. The tubers were cut into pieces of two eyes each and planted in hills eighteen inches apart, into which was placed a half shovel full of well rotted compost. The plants grew finely, making a large growth of tops, which are not to be distinguished from our cultivated varieties. The ■Colorado beetle made no distinction. The tops were thrifty and green until destroyed by frosts. When dug there were eighty tubers from thirteen hills, the largest of which only measured one and one-half inches in diameter, and altogether weighed sixteen and one-half ounces. They grew at the ends of short, underground stolons, and are very like our common potatoes in appearance." The Arizona wild Potato is a distinct species from the potato of our gar- dens. It is known as Solanwni Jamesii. The foliage is fine and peculiar, very unlike that of the ordinary potato. The tubers are very small, dark colored, and usually covered with minute tubercles. Under cultivation it does not yet appear to vary much, although Dr. Beal informs me that many of the tubers he grew this year were somewhat larger and smoother than the parents. Last spring tubers of this singular potato were sent Mr. C. A. Sessions, of Mears, who reports that the drouth prevented the formation of any crop, and to Mr. C. F. Wheeler, who reports as follows: "The foliage of Solanum Jamesii is very much like the tomato, except that the leaves are smooth. Its small pitted tubers grow at the ends of long subterranean stolons, setting early, and yielding from ten hills ninety-five small tubers, which weighed eight and one-half ounces. The severe drouth negatived the experiment." Solanum Maglia was also grown this year. It was in blossom when killed by frost, September 23. We obtained a few very small tubers. The singular Peruvian ulluco ( Ullucus tuherosus), which produces potato- like tubers, was also grown. Many questions are asked concerning the variations of tubers in the hills. In order to answer some of these inquiries and to publish facts not generally known, I translate the following selection from Carriere's Production et Fix- ation cles Varieties clans les Vegetaux : " Potatoes furnish many examples of bud-variation. Many of our culti- HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 141 vated varieties are bud varieties from the subterranean parts. Every year at digging time, if we wish to keep the varieties true, we are obliged to throw out those which, we say, are 'degenerated.' This so-called degeneracy constantly tends to remove the products from the starting point, and has, then, the result of producing new varieties. " Modifications in potatoes can also have reference to the manner of vege- tation or growth of the underground parts. Such is the case in the variety called Pouse-dehout ['tubers standing on end']. This name was given the variety because the tubers, instead of lying horizontally, or nearly so, are placed upright, one against the other, much as small pieces of wood are arranged for the making of charcoal. " The Marjolin we consider nothing else than a peculiarity of vegetation. This is proved by the fact that its characters, — not blossoming and maturing very early, — are not constant. It has produced two other varieties by modi- fications of its underground parts. One variety is the Marjolin tardive [late Marjolin], called also Marjolin de deuxieme Saison, which is sometimes sold in the Paris markets for the Hollande jaune [yellow Holland]. It is remarkable for the period of its growth, which is more prolonged than that of the type, and it is also covered each year with flowers, while its parent scarcely ever blossoms. The other variety has no resemblance to the Marjoli7i in form. It is round and its sunken eyes give it exactly the appear- ance of the ordinary yellow potato. When we cultivated the Marjolin there was not a year when we did not obtain round ones, although we had planted long ones very true in appearance. " A very remarkable example of the modifications furnished by the ordi- nary yellow potato, is the following : In a square planted exclusively with this variety, very true in appearance, we gathered a certain number of which the skin was more or less dark; some had yellow flesh, others white. Planted separately, these bud varieties have given us potatoes round in form like the parent type, but among which there were found some entirely violet in both exterior and interior, and some had black flesh slightly marbled with white. This modification of color was not the only change. In some cases the quality was very much modified. Thus, instead of being nearly like the yellow potato, the flesh of these varieties was compact, neither good nor bad. *'We give two other examples of bud-variation in potatoes, observed by us at the Museum * in 1864: ''Half of a plat was planted with the smooth long yellow called Hollande^ and half with the regular long red commonly called Vitelotte lisse. The first half yielded tubers similar to those which we had planted. The second half, on the contrary, produced tubers differing from the parent in color, being of a reddish yellow, although the form remained about the same. The quality, also, did not vary, so that while we confounded them sometimes with the Hollande, we were able to distinguish them readily when cooked, as they remained whole, while the others fell to pieces. "On the end of a plat where we had planted fifty of the ordinary round yellow potato, one plant grew until late in the season and gave round potatoes of a deep red. " In this same year, 1864, in a square planted entirely to Ghardon potato, we observed some plants exactly similar to the others in growth and appear- ance but which differed entirely in the color of the flowers, being dull white, * Museum d'histoire natnrelle, Paris. 142 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. a little sulphur-colored, while those of Ghardon are violet-rose or rose-violet. The tubers from these white-flowered plants differed from those of the type in being more round and regular and having less pronounced eyes. Aside from these variations we have found among the Chardon both earlier and later varieties, and this in spite of the fact that we had planted only such tubers as appeared to be entirely true and which for a long time had produced no variations whatever. Here, as in the preceding cases, the modifications were from the tubers, seed not having been sown. " An instance similar to the above is reported by M. Joigneaux in the Journal de la Ferine et des Maisons de Gampagne : Nine or ten years ago six beautiful tubers of a long, pale yellow potato were given us. In order to increase the number of hills we divided each tuber into three pieces. We planted them ourselves. The cultivating was also done by us. Some of the potatoes, a very small number, resembled the type, but the larger number were spherical, some yellow like the parent, others deep red. " All cultivators know that the smooth or even Vitelottes, whose eyes are few in number and scarcely perceptible, often produce tubers of various forms and with eyes so much sunken that it is almost impossible to peel them. Once we obtained a variety which, besides of the many and deep eyes, produced, in considerable quantity, agglomerations which gave to the whole a monstrous form. They were veritable hydras. Although coming from the Vitelotte, which is a good potato, this variety was very acrid and bad. " All these examples show without any doubt how a large part of the varie- ties of potatoes are produced, and proves that they do not all come from seeds. We shall convince ourselves of it when, having observed the growth of the plants, we mark the peculiar plants and gather separately their tubers. An external modification is always the consequence of an internal modification. "The phenomena presented by potatoes prove that the cause of the appear- ing of new varieties is not always due, as we generally suppose, to crossing, as fecundation can act only upon the seeds. It is also very rarely that we practice crossing in potatoes, but we can number the varieties by the hundred. But it often happens that cuttings made from portions of the top of the plant pro- duce varieties different from the parent. Moreover, the existence of numer- ous varieties of certain plants which we cultivate and which never produce seeds, proves beyond a doubt that there are causes aside from crossing which tend to the production of new varieties." 3. Notes on crossing and hybridizing. — There has been much discus- sion of late as to whether the effect of foreign pollen is visible in the fruit of the current year. In order to satisfy myself upon this and other points, an extensive system of experiments was planned. A lack of time to give the matter personal attention made the investigation impracticable, however, and I have to report but a few isolated experiments. These few were per- formed in the most careful manner possible. The flower buds were opened and the flower emasculated before any pollen could have reached the stigma. The pollen was also secured from flowers which were still in the bud, or which had been covered to exclude all foreign pollen from falling upon the anthers and becoming mixed with the pollen intended for use. The pollen was applied to the stigma by the aid of a thin knife blade. I have never used a camel's hair brush, so often recommended, from the fear that foreign HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 143 pollen might lodge in it and be unintentionally applied to the stigma. If the pollen was carried any distance, even a few feet, the flower was placed in a tin cup with a tightly-fitting cover, and the pollen removed from the anthers at the moment of its application. Before the tin cup was used for other flowers it was thoroughly washed. I consider it unsafe, in critical ex- periments, to hold in the hand the flower which is to furnish the pollen while the operator is emasculating the other flower, especially if under a tree full of blossoms. In short, is is nearly as important to protect the anthers from receiving foreign pollen as it is to protect the stigma. As soon as the pollen was applied the flower was securely and tightly covered with a thin manilla bag which was left on four or five days. A label was attached to the crossed flower, hung upon its stem, and at the same time exact notes of the time, place and conditions of the operation were made. Even if the label were lost or was designedly removed, it was easy to identify the flower. In the case of pears and apples I clip off the flower bud so low as to remove the sepals; as a consequence, the crossed fruit can be recognized at any time during the season by the absence of the "calyx." With all the care possible many -crosses will fail to take. Just the reason for such failure, in plants which have an affinity for each other, it is not easy to determine. I am convinced, however, that in the case of annual plants at least, a protracted drouth inter- feres with fertilization. I was especially impressed this year with this fact in the cucurbits and daturas. In fact, squash growers know that vines do not set fruits so profusely in a drouth as at other times. About twenty crosses and hybridizations were made upon apples, only eight of which were successful. May 11 five flowers of Hyslop crab were crossed with Oldenburgh. Four fruits set, but in a month two were destroyed by some means unknown. The two remaining fruits ripened, but although the cross was so violent, they differed in no respect from other fruits upon the tree. These fruits are before me as I write (Nov. 4), in a good state of pres- ervation, showing that crossing with an early apple did not influence their keeping qualities. Five flowers of the Chicago crab were crossed with Sweet Romanite, a winter apple. Four of the pistils were removed in each flower, the remain- ing one being fertilized. All the fruits set, although one was feeble from the first, and soon fell. An examination of this specimen showed that none of the cells had been fertilized. Two of the remaining four matured, but they differed in no respect from the other crabs upon the tree. Singularly enough, however, seeds developed in but one cell, showing that each style is a means of fertilizing its own cell alone. The mature fruits were somewhat unsym- metrical, being a trifle larger upon the side which bore the seeds. These fruits, with seeds intact, are now peserved in alcohol. Reciprocal hybridizations were made between apples and the flowering crab, Pyrus floribunda, but none of them were successful. A Northern Spy flower was hybridized, and for a time the operation appeared to be success- ful, but the young fruit soon lost vitality and gave evidence that fertiliza- tion had not taken place. At apple picking time, in September, this fruit, dried and shriveled, and no more than a half inch in diameter, still clung to the tree. A few crosses were performed between pears, one of which was success- ful. This was a Louise Bonne crossed with Howell. The resultinff fruit was very singular, being more slender than Louise Bonne, with a very long, 144 > DEPARTMENT REPORTS. thick lower portion, and ripening tardily with almost no color. I cannot ascribe this peculiar variation to the influence of the Howell pollen, as it was- in an entirely opposite direction, it seemed to me, from what should be expected from the shape of the Howell itself. The lateness and greenness of the fruit suggested imperfect fertilization. Many hybridizations were made between Datura Stramonium and D. inermis. The former of these, as all are aware, has very thorny fruits — the ordinary Jamestown or ''Jimson" weed — while the latter has entirely smooth fruits or pods. As most of the operations were performed during our protracted drouth, they were unsuccessful. The later operations were more successful, and seven fruits matured, or so nearly matured before killed by frost that their character was assured. There is not the least evi- dence of immediate effect of pollen in any of them. The daturas cannot be used with fairness, however, for the determination of the vexed question of the immediate influence of pollen, from the fact that the character of the surface of the ovary is determined before fertilization takes place. Many crosses and hybridizations were attempted with the cucurbits, but, owing to the dry weather, few succeeded. The ovary often swelled for a day or two, then remained stationary for a couple of days, and then withered, showing that fertilization had not taken place. Only four fruits were fertil- ized. These were yellow crook-neck squshes crossed with the white scallop. Although the two parents are so extremely unlike, the crossed fruits differed in no particular from ordinary crook-necks. Several attempts were made ta cross the white scallop with the crook-neck, at the time that the opposite crosses were made, but without success. It is obvious that cucurbits as a rule, if, indeed, under any circumstances, do not exhibit any immediate effects of pollen, for the fruits which are evidently crosses, in any patch, are always found to be borne upon a vine which bears exactly the same fruits throughout. This circumstance proves that the variation is an outgrowth of the character of the original seed which impresses its nature upon all the fruits which spring from it. If squashes show the immediate influence of pollen we should certainly find fruits of varying character upon the same vine. Abnormal fruits which are intermingled with others throughout the patch need only to be carefully traced to their support in order that their origin may be determined. 4. Which flower in the cluster makes the apple? — Apple flowers are borne in clusters, yet the apples are usually borne singly. As a rule, all the flowers but one must fail. If one is to perform crossing or hybridizing it is important that he know which flower to operate upon. With a view of determining this flower I made a few observations last spring. In general, the central flower was the strongest and made the fruit, yet in many cases the central flower was the weakest. In eight clusters of Fameuse flowers, the central flower, which was in these instances the largest in the cluster, was removed. One cluster alone failed to set fruit. Of the remaining seven, four clusters set two fruits each and three clusters set one fruit each. Upon the same tree two clusters were marked in which the central flower was very small and late. Each cluster set one fruit, the central flower not developing. I conclude from a general observation that any well- developed flower in the cluster may set fruit, the central flower having the preference. In making crosses I remove all the flowers but one, the best one, and thereby insure success. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 145 5. Why are toukg trees barren? — It is well known that the blossoms of young and vigorous trees seldom perfect fruit. The reason of this fail- ure has been sought in various directions. It is sometimes stated that the pistils are imperfect, sometimes that the anthers are not developed and that pollen is therefore deficient. So far as opportunity offered, observations were made to determine these points. wt?jA Transparent crab, a year old and standing in a nursery row, produced flowers with abortive anthers. In all other cases which came under my notice, the flowers were perfect. Sometimes the flowers set fruits which grew for several days after the falling of the flower. This was conspicuously the case in a Montreal Beauty crab which had been grafted last year on the wild choke-berry {Pyrus arhutifolia), in a young tree of Elton cherry, and in one of Prunus^ Simoni. In general, it is evident that the failure to set fruit is not so much due to an imperfection in the flower as to the great vigor of the young tree. It is well known that over-vigorous trees of any age do not bear liberally. "Checking growth induces fruitfulness." The energy of the plant is consumed so much in the growth of wood that fruit production suffers. For the same reason, no doubt, the early varieties of potatoes do not set so many seed-balls as the late varieties, the vital energy being earlier diverted into the production of tubers. In the same manner, also, can be explained the comparative failure to produce seeds in those plants which produce very vigorous stolons, rhizomes, or other means of propagation. 6. Germination OF seeds which have been kept on ice. — Seeds from plants which have been grown for some years in a cold climate often germi- nate relatively earlier in spring than those from the same species grown in a warmer climate. It is supposed by some that the reason of this quicker ger- mination, or more properly, this greater sensitiveness to heat and other influ- ■ences of spring, is in some way connected with the freezing of the seed. In other words, it is maintained that the subjecting of the seed to a low tempera- ture causes it to germinate at a lower temperature than one which has not been so treated ; or that, at the same temperature, the seed which has been kept uniformly cold will germinate sooner than the other. The same appears to be true of plants as well. " Professor Simpson and Mr. Stewart, of Scotland, acting upon this suggestion, kept alpine seeds and plants in an ice- house during winter ; and these, when placed in the open ground, grew more rapidly than those kept in the usual way."* Two years ago, various seeds were kept on ice during the winter and dupli- cate sets were kept in a warm room. Both lots were sown the following spring, but for some unaccountable reason very few seeds of either lot grew. Last March a similar experiment was placed in the hands of one of my stu- dents, J. 0. Duffey of the class of 1887. Seeds of lettuce, Brussels sprouts, radish, cucumber, and parsnip were used, one lot of each being kept on ice two months, the other lot being kept in a warm room. Early in May the seeds were sown in florist's earth, and the results noted for several days. In general, the seeds kept oq ice appeared to germinate sooner than the others, but the results were discordant and not strongly marked. We hope to repeat the trial upon a larger scale. 7. Growth of plants from soaked seeds which have been dried. * Crozier, Modification of Plants by Climate, 23. 19 146 DEPARTMENT REPORTS — It has been stated that seeds which have been soaked in water a few hours and then dried give earlier plants than those which have not received treatment. Acting upon this report, a lot of radish and lettuce seeds were put in water August 2. After sixteen hours the seeds were dried in the sun six hours, and then sown in a cold frame, other seeds from the same packets which had not been treated being sown alongside at the same time. At six P. M. August 5, both lots of radish were well up, but the plants from soaked seeds were larger. At the same time the lettuce from the soaked seeds was up, while that from the other seeds was but slightly up at seven o'clock the next morn- ing, August 6. But although the plants from soaked seeds were ahead at the start, they did not maintain their advantage. There was no difference whatever in the time of maturing of the lots of either vegetable. The let- tuce was pricked out into a spent hot bed some forty feet in length, filling it compactly, but there was perfect uniformity in the ripening of both lots. 8. What do we get in lawn gkass seed? — The so-called lawn grass mixtures, sold at exorbitant prices, are not to be relied upon. Often the selection of grasses contained in them is not desii'able, and they are especially liable to contain the seeds of weeds. The following weeds came from a sowing of one of these fancy mixtures: Ox-eye daisy, two foreign species of chess (Bromus mollis and H. asper), awned plantatin (Plantago Patagonica var. aristata), Hypochceris radicata. May-weed, spurrey (Spergularia arven- sis), Agrostis spica-venti, perennial rye grass, and other valueless grasses. Many common weeds came up in the lawn, which was supposed to be clean ground, and a part of them, at least, were probably sown with the grass seed. My advice to those who contemplate making lawns is to buy pure June grass seed, and to sow it very early in spring — in March or early April or in the fall. June grass seed can be procured of seed dealers for about $1.25 per bushel. The fancy mixtures cost four and five dollars per bushel, and are not so good as the June grass. Do not sow grain of any sort with the June grass. Prepare the soil thoroughly, fertilize it well if it is not strong, and sow the seed at the rate of two or three bushels per acre. If the seed is sown thus thickly the grass will soon cover the surface and choke out weeds, and a multitude of small stalks will be produced instead of a few large ones. 9. Trees as shrubs. — Many trees may be cut off near the ground after they have obtained a good start, when they will throw up a mass of vigor- ous shoots which answer all the purposes of shrubs. In this manner one may add greatly to the variety and attractiveness of his shrubbery, if the practice is not carried too far. Such clumps always present a novel appear- ance. They are vigorous, clean, shapely. The sprouts may be cut back nearly to the ground every two or three years, allowing new ones to spring up, thus maintaining the desired size of growth. Most of our rapid growing forest trees are excellent for this purpose upon large lawns. We have good specimens of white ash, basswood, the European field maple (Acer cam2)est7'e), and others, grown in this way. The principle can also be applied to the growing of coppices upon large grounds, or about borders. For such purposes the beech and the oaks are preferable. Many trees and shrubs are more attractive when grown in this way than when allowed to assume their ordinary forms. Examples of such are the ailanthus and the sumacs. The ordinary wild, smooth sumac {Rhus glabra) is one of the finest of decorative shrubs when grown in this manner. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 147 Some of the tender exotics, also, may be managed in this way, especially such as make strong growths and bear large or conspicuous leaves. The paulownia and some of the magnolias may be cited as examples. Such plants should be given rich soil and good culture to enable them to make a long growth. 10. Effects of last wintee. — The last winter was not severe, although, for the most part, it was one of steady cold, especially after the opening of the year. One week alone was severe. The lowest temperatures of this week were as follows: January 7, 26*^ below zero; 8, 34'' below; 9, 1° below; 10th, 5° below; llth, 11° below; 12th, 10° below. Injuries to plants were not great. It is such ordinary winters which give the constitu- tion of plants a good and fair trial, however. If a plant cannot endure such winters, it is unfit for open culture here. I append a few notes upon the condition of sundry plants as they appeared in May, when the winter effects can be unmistakably seen. All the plants here recorded were in prime con- dition when winter set in, except when otherwise stated. They all grew upon thoroughly drained soil. Fruit Plants. — Quinces of all sorts, both young and old, on both loam and clay, were killed to the snow. This occurs nere nearly every winter. Morus nigra, black mulberry, on sand, killed back to the snow. Morus alba, white mulberry, on sand, killed back a foot on twigs. Spanish chestnut killed to the ground. Japanese chestnut the same. Native plums usually stand well. Some of the pure Chickasaws are too tender, however. Among such, which were killed to the snow, were Robin- son, Caddo Chief, Early Eed and Lone Star. The two latter were from Texas, two trees of each. Among those injured were De Caradeuc, Hattie and Marianna. The Marianna was injured but slightly on the tips, how- ever. It stood the previous winter remarkably well. It appears to be prac- tically hardy. Among the uninjured native plums are Wild Goose, Minne- tonka. Parsons, Forest Garden, Miner, Rollingstone, Itaska, Wolf, Quaker, Wazata, Yosemite, Clinton, Indiana Red, Golden Beauty from Texas, the anomalous Blackman and others. Russian apricots behaved singularly. Those on peach stood well except in one wet place, while seedlings of the same age were much injured. The same phenomenon occurred last year. Seedling yearling peach trees were killed to the snow. Two-year seedlings were little injured. Diamyo, Madam von Siebold and Mikado pears were completely killed; they were injured by the previous winter. Cocklin was killed, one good tree set last spring. Kieffer, on depressed but perfectly drained land, was; killed outright. Two others, older, on higher land, have passed several winters without injury. Comet, Le Oonte, Sha Lea and Suet Lea were also entirely killed. Birket was little if any injured. Dachesse Hybrid, along- side the others, was not injured. Nearly all raspberries and blackberries came through the winter in good condition. Of vigorous plants of these two fruits, Cuthbert raspberries were the most injured. Good canes were killed back half their lengths; the canes were very vigorous, however. Turner raspberry canes were nearly destroyed by the winter, but the chief difficulty lay in the weakening effect ot' last summer's drouth, which severely pinched the plants as they were maturing 148 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. their last pickings of berries. In a low place, where the drouth was less severe, the bushes did not suffer so much from the winter. Ornamental Plants. — As usual, Deutzia gracilis, D. crenata and Tamarix ■gallica were killed to the ground. The European elder with variegated leaves, Sambucus nigra, in an exposed place, was killed to the ground. Lonicera fraqrantissima is practically hardy; so is the garden variety grandijiora of Hydrangea liortensis. The varieties of Rhododendron CataioMense stand well if given some pro- tection from the winter and spring suns. A group planted on the north side of a few deciduous trees has passed two hard winters without injury. They are now (May 30) attractive with blossoms. Japanese quince is not hardy. A year ago, young trees of the purple plum, Prunus Pissardi, were killed to the snow. Last winter they were slightly injured, except two or three which were top-grafted on Prunus Americana, which were destroyed entirely. Pyrus hyhrida and P. do?7iesfica are hardy and attractive. The latter is one of the handsomest ornamental-fruited plants that we grow. 11. ''Waterproof Fibre" Cloth for Cold-Frames, — We used last spring a good number of sashes covered with the waterproof fibre cloth man- ufactured by the United States Waterproofing Fibre Co. of New York. These sashes were used instead of glass sashes for the very late hot-beds and the cold-frames. They gave perfect satisfaction, and present several points of superiority over glass. They are much cheaper, lighter and easier to handle, not liable to breakage, and the plants do not scald under them so quickly as under glass. There are three grades of this cloth, selling respec- tively for three, six, and nine cents a yard. We tried each grade, but found that the medium grade was far the most useful. The cloth for a frame, therefore, cost us twelve cents, in most cases. The frame itself was made of seven-eighths clear stuff' ripped into two-inch strips, halved together at the corners, and each corner was held with an iron corner, such as can be pro- cured at hardware stores for ten cents a pound, or a little less than a cent apiece. Kespectfully submitted, L. H. BAILEY, Professor of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening. Nov. 5, 1887. Donations to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardbning for the Year Ending June 30, 1887. JS. Eiclioltz, Detroit, Kansas: Scions of Coreless Pear. L. H. Bailey, South Haven, Mich.: Scions of various apples. Geo. W. Parks, Lansing, Mich.: Scions of Limber Twig apple. HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GAEDENING. 149 Chas. Alford, Tallmadge, Mich.: Scions of Dyer, Fall Orange and Herfordshire Pearmain apples. C. M. Hohhs, Bridgeport, Indiana : Scions of Indiana Favorite, American Summer Pearmain, White Winter Pearmain. J. J. Toiole, So. Carthage, Me.: Scions of McLellan apple. F. M. Ramsey, Bluff ton, Llano Co., Texas: Roots of " wild peach," Diospyros Texana, Berberis trifoliata, Morus microphylla, cuttings of Vitis monticola, " wild peach " and seeds of Vitis monticola. N. York Experiment Station, per E. 8. Ooff, Geneva, N. Y.: Seeds of the " Station " Tomato. Jenkins, McGuire <& Co., Baltimore, Md.: Sample "Ripe Fruit Carrier." J. M. Thorium £ Co., N. Y.: Copies of old seed catalogues. C. H. Bennett, Jackson, Mich.: Photograph of a curious turnip. N. S. Storrs, Springdale, Ark.: Roots of huckleberries. Walter Deane, tamhridge, Mass.: Pits of Prunus maritima. Prof. T. V. Munson. Denison, Texas: Seeds of numerous choice species and hybrids of grapes, and other fruitg. Prof. S. M. Tracy, Columlia, Mo.: Seeds of Opuntia Rafinesquii. F. L. Piers, Neto Providetice, Ind : Scions of Piers apple. II. E. Van Deman, Washington, D. C: Plants of Dwarf Service Berry, Amelanchier oblongifolia^ F. L. Wright, Plainfield, Mich : Plants of Lucretia, Lucretia's Sister and Bartell Dewberries, seedling strawberries and raspberries, and Jewell grape. R. Mann, Lansing, Mich.: Roots of Prunus maritima. F. A. Dickson & Sons, Chester, England: Seeds of onions and tomatoes. F. N. Stacy, Minneapolis, Minn.: Seeds of blueberry and cranberry, from the northern boundary of Minnesota. Prof. J. L. Budd, Ames, lotua: Seeds of wild olive, Elaeaguus angustifolia. T. D. Hatfield, Passaic, N. J.: Tomato seeds. Mrs. L. G. Carpenter, Agricultural College, Mich.: Arkansas peas. Francis Brill, Hampstead, L. I.: Seeds of cabbages and cauliflowers. Hon. T. T. Lyon, South Haven, Mich.: Various scions. 150 DEPARTMENT REPORTS. W. Atlce Burpee & Co., Philadelphia: Various vegetable seeds. D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit: Seeds of Dwarf Sugar Edible Pod Pea. N. York Experiment Station, through E. S. Goff": Tubers of Solauum Maglia and S. Jamesii. J. D. Likely, Jefferfftr ...... --.... 36 54 February 10 40 40 Jersey Steer.— Potter. 40 53 57 50 56 34 Januarv 10 ... 46 T^^ehmarv 10 . 62 +March 10 40 * One pound of roots was fed daily during the second period. § Three pounds ensilage daily for last period, t Two pounds ensilage daily during last period. The animals have all been thrifty and vigorous during the feeding thus far, and are in fine condition to continue the test. This bulletin is submitted to the consideration of interested parties with- out comment. Comparisons are reserved for a future bulletin. I shall be pleased to receive any suggestions as to the conducting of the test from any one interested. SAMUEL JOHNSON, Professor of AgriculUtre. Faem Department, ) Agr'l College, March 18, 1887. \ 166 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. No. 25.— VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. LAMINITIS, A disease of the foot of the horse, frequently occurring in the summer season. Laminitis is a disease of the foot of the horse, which is often brought directly under the notice of owners of these animals, and which in many instances, from the want of knowledge of the causes of the complaint, unfortunate creatures are subjected to the most excruciating pain, and their owners to much pecuniary loss, as well as other inconvenience. The disease has, from time to time, been the subject of much difference of opinion as to its location, consequently, it is known under a variety of names, given according to the fancy of the observer, but the one which we oftenest hear applied to it, by laymen, is chest-founder, which term, however, is not altogether appropriate, but may perhaps be excused when we take into con- sideration the origin of it, and this can be traced to two sources. In the first place it may have arisen from the fact that inflammation of the lungs is sometimes thought to fly from the chest to the feet, but this is of exceedingly rare occurrence, as far as my observation has gone. Secondly, it may have arisen from the fact that a large majority of cases brought under our notice have shown that those large round muscles, forming the front of the chest or bosom, and situated between the fore legs, have suddenly vanished as it were, giving the chest a sunken or hollow appearance, which, to the casual observer, might naturally be thought the seat of the disease. This sunken condition of the chest may be explained though, by the fact that animals, when suffer- ing, generally stand up, but throw the weight of the body as much as possible upon hind feet (for obvious reasons), and the muscles forming the bosom become relaxed and appear wasted. To prove that removal of the weight of the body from the fore legs, will produce this sunken appearance of the chest, we have only to take one fore foot of a healthy horse, from the ground, and holding it in the hand, the muscles on the same side of the breast bone will apparently vanish, to however, regain their round original form, as soon as the foot is allowed to descend to the ground. The simple term, founder, is often applied to this disease, the origin of which might be traced to several sources, a striking one is, in one of the meanings of the word, viz. : to fill, or be filled with water, and as it has long been conce led, that water given at improper times, or allowing an animal to fill itself too full, is liable to cause this disease, may not the term appear appropriate ? The disorder is called "Laminitis," because those delicate little plates, surrounding the inside of the hoof, and called laminas are the parts most affected, although in bad cases other structures of the foot become involved ; I have one specimen in my possession which shows that the disease was so deep seated, as to attack the main bone of the foot. This complaint is one of the most painful that horse flesh is heir to, but this is little to be wondered at, when we recognize the fact that so highly organized a structure as the internal part of the foot of the horse, is suddenly thrown into an acute state of inflammation, and being enclosed in an unyielding box of horn, the hoof, the consequent pressure upon the nerves occasions much pain. To account for which pressure, I may say that it has been admitted, from time immemo- VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 167 rial, that swelling to a greater or less extent, is always present with inflam- tion. By way of illustrating how painful Laminitis must be, let us com- pare the parts involved, with the parts involved in toothache in man, a disease no doubt familiar to many. Now in toothache we have a highly sensitive structure, the pulp, as it is called, and which may be compared to the internal, or sensitive structure of the foot of the horse. And this ptilp is enclosed in an unyielding case of bone, the root, or fcmg of the tooth, which may be compared to the hoof of the horse, as both inclose their respective sensitive structures; well, when swelling occurs from inflammation of the pulp, the nerve is pressed upon, but being imprisoned in the fang it can not accom- modate itself to circumstances, so the familiar throbbing pain of toothache is the result, but in the inflamed foot of the horse, there are scores of nerve fibres pressed upon, and when we take into consideration that animals invariably stand while afflicted with this complaint, the weight of the body thus adding "fuel to the fire," we can form some idea what intense agony, the unfortunate creatures must endure. N"ATURE OF THE DISEASE. It may be defined to be inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the foot, extending to and involving neighboring structures in bad cases. THE CAUSES of the complaint are widespread and numerous. I have seen more cases of this disease caused by over-driving on a hard road, than from any other cause, especially when the weather was hot, and the animal not accustomed to long journeys, or out of condition from a day or two's rest. Driving an animal through cold water when it (the horse) is hot will produce it at times. Allowing an animal to drink immoderately of cold water while in a state of perspiration, is liable to bring on an attack. Overloading the stomach with certain kinds of grain, is a fertile source of this complaint. Some of the worst cases I have seen have been the result of animals getting loose at night, and getting to the corn or oat bin, as the case might be. I have seen it follow spontaneous diarrhoea; the injudicious use of purgative medicine will also cause it. Keeping animals tied in the stall for too great a length of time, as is some- times done during the winter, or the constrained position necessitated during a long sea voyage, occasionally provokes the disease. That condition called metastasis, which is the flying of inflammation from one part to another, is thought to occur with, and produce this disease. I have seen cases occur with metritis (inflammation of the womb), when the symptoms of the first disease subsided, and those of laminitis were plainly exhibited. The disease is sometimes produced in one foot by the careless driving of a nail in shoeing. V THE SYMPTOMS of the disorder are peculiar and characteristic. In the first place it may be said that in ninety-five cases out of a hundred, the disease attacks the two 168 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. front feet, though it sometimes invades the hind ones, when the symptoms will be very diiferent in certain particulars. When both front feet are affected, the animal will be generally found stand- ing, with its back arched, and hind feet carried forward, towards the center of the body, in order that the weight of it may be borne as much as possible by them, and removed from the fore feet. This peculiar attitude often leads the casual observer to think that the animal is strained across the loins. If the animal is required to move, it will do so with more or less reluc- tance, stumbling as it goes ahead, or dragging its front feet in an awkward manner if required to back up. The pulse has a very plain throbbing feel- ing to the finger, is full and bounding, and somewhat quickened. Another peculiarity about the pulse is, that it can be plainly felt upon the side of the leg near the fetlock, and I do not know of another disease where this peculiar condition of the circulation is so plainly exhibited. The breathing will be accelerated, often to such a degree as to lead one not familiar with the malady to suppose that some derangement of the organs of respiration is at work. The muscles in front of the breast appear wasted, from the attitude of the animal, though. The pain of the disease is sometimes so great as to cause tetanic convulsions, or twitching of many of the muscles beneath the skin. I have seen cases where animals were lying down when first visited, and pawing and groaning to such an extent as might easily lead one to sup- pose that they were suffering from colic or some other enteric disease, hence the necessity for getting an animal upon its feet before forming an opinion as to the disease it is suffering from. I might add that the standing posture is the best one to examine a horse either in health or disease. When the hind feet are the seat of the disease, the symptoms will be some- what different, the horse will, to use a common expression, "stand all in a heap," the fore feet being extended backwards and the hind feet carried forwards. If the animal is required to walk, it will do so in a peculiar spring- halty, automatic sort of a way. When the hind feet are affected animals often lie down, which attitude must afford them great relief. I have noticed that when animals assume the recumbent position while suffering from this disease, they invariably make a more rapid and thorough recovery, so of course this attitude should always be encouraged. THE TKEATMENT of this disease materially depends upon the cause, and if it has been pro- duced by spontaneous dirrhoea or the abuse of purgative medicine, anything which will tend to unduly increase the action of the bowels, should be care- fully avoided, and those remedies which are used to allay pain and reduce fever may be given with advantage. For these purposes I found great benefit from the use of tincture of Aconite, given in doses of about ten to fifteen drops in a few ounces of Avater every two hours, until four or five doses have been given. The Aconite may be followed by Nitrate of Potash in two drachm doses, dissolved in half a pint of water every four hours, for from two to four days. On the other hand, if the disease is the result of an overloaded condi- tion of the bowels, the superfluous food may be gotten rid of by the aid of laxatives, say twenty-five fluid ounces of raw linseed oil, will generally answer. The animal should not have anything in the shape of solid food, such as hay or straw, for at least twenty-four hours after the oil is given, but the diet DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. 169 ought to be of a laxative nature ; warm bran maslies, and the like, have a good effect. When the laxative has done acting, the IS'itrate of Potash may be given as above. During the last two summers I have had occasion to treat a number of cases, the result of over-driving, on very hot days, and have found very great benefit from the free use of Nitrate of Potash. I gave 1^ ounces in a pint of water every four hours until 3 doses had been given, then stopped for 8 hours, when the doses were to be repeated. I would repeat a second time if the patient was not doing well ; laxative food should be given and the animal allowed to drink somewhat sparingly. The local treatment is of great importance and consists in the application of moisture, in the shape of water, to the feet, which may be applied in the manner most convenient, in moderate weather. I have found very beneficial effects from standing an animal in a stream of water for several hours a day, taking care, however, that their bodies were well protected from inclement weather, or hot sun. When animals have a desire to lie down, apply wet swabs to their coronets. In other instances a puddle made with blue clay and water, about the con- sistence of fresh, glazier's putty, to which a few handsful of salt may be added, has proved useful. The puddle shoulxl be made so that the horse will sink into it, for from about four, to six inches. Exercise should be given from the first, and should be repeated three times a day, being increased from say ten minutes to half an hour at a time, as the horse gets better. Animals that progress favorably from the beginning may be driven moderately in about two weeks. E. A. A. GRANGE, April 30, 1887. Prof, of Veterinary Science. No. 26.— DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. PLANT LICE AND THE CODLING MOTH. Perhaps no family of insects is more widely distributed, more generally destructive and better known than Plant Lice. (Fig. 1.) In our green-houses, on window plants, and on almost all outdoor vegetation their harmful work is seen. Nor do they confine themselves to any single part of a plant. Some work on the roots and sap the vitality of the herb or tree ; oth- ers draw their nourishment from the stems and twigs, and thus blight the plants; still others suck the vitality from bud and foliage. A few, possibly ^. , ^^i^v^V) , , . more than we are aware of, work on both Winged and Wingless Lice, , ^, Tj'ii_ iij_ natural size and magnified. rOOtS and leaVCS. It IS aiSO trUC that Plant Lice are very generally distributed. Most all of our cultivated vegetables, grains, and trees have their character- istic plant louse enemies. Not only are these insects widely 22 170 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. distributed, but when present in any considerable numbers they do great damage. Every lady who keeps house plants knows this full well. As is well known, plant lice on outside vegetation pass the winter as little, dark oblong eggs, usually fastened to the buds. With the warm days of spring these eggs hatch, and so rapidly do the lice increase that soon, by the middle or last of May, the lice are often counted by millions and billions. Sometimes they start off in great numbers in spring. I have seen apple trees in April when hardly a bud could be found that was not the home of lice, and I have counted as many as fifty lice on a single bud. Surely there is not much promise in such a bud. Another feature which is very characteristic of plant lice, is their sudden disappearance. Our cherry trees may be black with them in May, and within a month the lice may be so used up that v/e can hardly find a specimen. The same is true of nearly all the species that infest our out-door plants and trees. This welcome riddance is due to insect enemies of the lice. A syphus fly (fig 2) maggot (fig 3), with a pointed head just revels amidst the plant lice. This maggot seems never satiated. It is hard to understand how so small an insect can take so large a meal. The maggots are constantly banqueting on the plump, juicy lice. The lady bird beetles (fig. 4), especially the larva? or grubs also do signal service in this same direction. Last year, owing 1 think to the excessive drouth, plant lice were very common. This gave the lady bird beetles a sy^us My. rich opportunity, and often we might see thousands of the active grubs on a single tree. The sad feature in this case was that many people, through ignorance, thought that these insects were the real culprits, and so destroyed them by the thousands. We have also found several species of the Ichneumon family of the genus Aphidius, very min- ute parasites, which destroy these lice by the thousands. Thus it is that plant lice on out-door vegetation, though they may threaten dire mischief early in the spring, are almost vanquished before summer comes. Occasionally a year like last year (1886), owing probably to the excessive drouth, the plant lice thrive out of proportion, and succeed in spite of their enemies, when they do most serious injury. Owing to this scourge, many an orchard which promised bountifully in the spring of 1886 failed almost utterly to bear good fruit. In some cases, as in the snow ball, the leaves roll up and protect the lice from their eager foes, and thus these beautiful shrubs are likely to suffer seriously each year, even if they are not wholly destroyed through the blight- ing presence of plant lice. Other plants, like the white willow, are likely to suffer seriously about one year in four. (Fig. 3.) Maggot. (Fig. 4.) Larva, pupa and beetle. KEMEDIES. I have found nothing so satisfactory in treating plant lice as the kerosene and soap mixture. To make this I use one-fourth pound of hard soap, pre- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. 171 ferably whale oil soap, and one quart of water, or one quart of common soft soap and one quart of water. This is heated till the soap is dissolved, when one pint of kerosene oil is added and the whole agitated till a permanent emulsion or mixture is formed. The agitation is easily secured by use of a force pump, pumping the liquid with force back into the vessel holding it. I then add water so that there shall be kerosene in the proportion of one to fifteen. On the snow ball we find that this mixture, in the proportion of one to eight, used Just before the plant lice eggs hatch is astonishingly efficient, A twig not treated and one from the same bush that had been treated were each put into a glass bottle in a warm room. In a few days the one bottle was alive with the newly hatched lice, while in the other only one live louse was found. Bushes side by side, the one treated and the other not, gave equally satisfactory results. This early treatment is absolutely necessary in such cases as the snow ball, and is to be recommended on the score of economy in case of nursery stock and fruit trees. It is easier and requires less of the liquid to thoroughly drench a leafless tree than one in full foliage. It is also less difficult to make the application very thorough, which is all important. We have just applied this liquid to orchard trees where the buds were liter- ally covered with lice, and we find the lice totally used up. In counting two hundred one live louse was found. We are very pleased to learn that this early treatment is so efficient. As just suggested, this liquid must be applied with energy. If used for the adult lice, or for eggs, or newly hatched lice, and it is not effective, it is only because it is applied too gently. We must use a good force pump and dash the liquid onto the plants so it will scatter everywhere and reach every egg, even though these latter are crowded between the buds and the stem and reach every louse, even though they are sheltered by myriad leaves. Just here is where some will fail; they will sprinkle the liquid gently down, and so not reach one-half the eggs or lice. PUMPS. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio, sells a force pump for II. Though not equal to the Whitman, it is excellent for the price, and for a few plants answers fairly well. The Whitman Fountain pump, J. A. Whitman, Providence, R. I., is excellent, and is just the thing for those who have a small yard or a few fruit trees. This costs 16.50 at the factory. The Field Force Pump Co., Lockport, N. Y., sells a similar pump which works well, for $2.50, iron, or $3.50 if brass. The Nixon pump, Dayton, Ohio, is supplied with a tank and rests on~ casters. It is also supplied with a superior spraying nozzle which throws a very fine spray with great force. This for general use is superior even to the cyclone nozzle, though the latter is preferable for spraying the under side of leaves on low bushes. This pump is very convenient in the garden and in small fruit plantations. Price 115. The Field Force Pamp Go. sell a similar garden engine which is supplied with a 40-gallon tank mounted on two strong wheels and furnished with hose and the ''Boss nozzle " for $20. For large orchards, the Field Force Pump Co. sells a very excellent two cyl- inder double acting force pump with ''Boss nozzle," combined with Moody's 172 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. patent gearing, which fastens to the wheel of a wagon so that the wagon runs the pump. The entire apparatus costs $30 ; gearing alone, 115, This pump is a great desideratum to one with a considerable orchard, and could also be used with great satisfaction in the potato field in destroying the beetles. It is no small advantage to have the handle worked by horse power. In this thei-e is a separate hose that goes to the bottom of the barrel or tank hold- ing any liquid, and so acts as an automatic stirrer. LONDON PUKPLE OR PARIS GREEN FOR CODLING MOTH. In Bulletin 14, issued a year ago, I urged, as I have for several years, the value of the arseuites in fighting the codling moth. I only wish to add at this time a few hints that I am sure will be of aid to any who contemplate making use of this excellent remedy. If all would practice it millions of dollars would be saved to our people. First, Use London purple or Paris green, and not white arsenic. London purple is cheap, mixes easily, and perhaps is a little less likely than Paris green to blight the foliage if used too freely. Second, Apply early, Just after the blossoms have fallen, when the apples are the size of small peas. If we wait longer than this some of the insects will have entered the apples and be beyond reach of harm, and so we shall partially fail of success. Third, Use a diluted mixture, not more than one pound of London purple or Paris green to two barrels or 100 gallons of water. If I were to make any change at all it would be to make it more dilute, rather than stronger. If kept stirred, as it should always be while being used, we note that the liquid is evenly colored. This proves that poison is in every drop of water. I have proved repeatedly that the faintest trace of this poison is sure death to the wee insects. So it is not large doses, but thorough distribution that is needed. Not that there is not poison enough on each apple, but that many apples have received no poison at all. If as dilute as recommended above we may scatter so thoroughly as to reach nearly every fruit and yet not scald or blight the foliage. It stands to reason that in using poisons it is always best to use the minimum quantity necessary to success. Fourth, Apply the poison with great force. The apples are concealed and protected by many leaves, and to insure contact of the poisonous liquid with the calyx end of each apple, it must be dashed on to the tree with great energy, then it will scatter and every apple will receive the fatal atom and «very larva be killed. The neglect of this caution is why some have only saved 75 per cent of the fruit. I have frequently saved every apple, and that with only one application, but this was in time, and absolutely thorough. Lastly, be sure that the mineral is well mixed. This is best done by grinding first in a little water and then adding the full complement. I have already discussed the subject of pumps. There is no question but that the one last mentioned is the pump for the large orchardist. No one need fear to use this remedy. If the orchard is used for pasture, stock better be kept out of it for a few days. The poison should never be handled with the bare hands, nor should it be used when there is a wind to blow the spray or dust on to the person using it. But most important of all, be careful where the poison is left. No poison ought ever to be left unlabeled, and poisons ought always to be put where they cannot possibly do any harm. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 173 Carelessness in handling is the cause of nearly if not all the accidents which result from such poisons. I wish to thank C. P. Grillett, whose painstaking, conscientious and intelligent assistance has been of great value to me in these experiments. A. J. COOK. Agricultural College, Mich., April 30, 1887. No. 27.— CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS— INSPECTION FOR 1887. Act No. 28 of the Session Laws of 1885 requires the analysis each year of every commercial fertilizers offered for sale in this State if its retail price exceeds $10 a ton. The manufacturers of fourteen different brands of such fertilizers have applied to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture for a license to sell said fertilizers and deposited the fee required by law. I have gathered in the open market specimens of these fertilizers, analyzed them, and present in tabular form the results of such analysis in comparison with the composition as claimed by the manufacturer. By comparing the compo- sition as it is "claimed" and ''found," one can readily see whether the fertilizer comes up to the standard. This law is designed to guard the public against fraud by preventing the sale of inert or spurious materials in the place of substances really valuable.. When we consider that leached ashes and soap-boilers' waste have been offered for sale as "superphosphate," and a premium claimed for such "superphosphate" from the State Agricultural Society, and that parties in a neighboring State endeavored to sell marl as "Buckeye Phosphate," we see that State supervision is necessary to protect the public. The law does not prescribe what the fertilizer shall contain, but holds the manufacturer rigidly to the standard he sets up for his own fertilizers in respect to the three most important ingredients, viz. : available nitrogen, phosphates, and potash. The inspection required by this law gives no information about the use of the fertilizers, the kinds of soil best adapted to their profitable use, the kinds of crops most benefited, the time to apply them or the quantity to use. This desirable information does not come within the scope of this investigation. Some day I hope to issue a Bulletin to discuss some of the above topics, but the public must remember that the chief object of this law is to prevent fraud. If any one wants to estimate the money value by the commercial value of the three principal ingredients, he can readily do so by taking the value of nitrogen as 18 cents a pound, of soluble phosphoric acid 8 cents, of reverted phosphoric acid 7^ cents, of insoluble phosphoric acid 5 cents, and potash as 5 cents a pound. For example, take a fertilizer containing 3 per cent of active nitrogen, 7 per cent soluble, 2 per cent reverted and 1 per cent insol- uble phosphoric acid, and 2 per cent of potash. This would give the follow- ing results for every 2,000 pounds: 1 T4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. 60 lbs. nitrogen, @ 18 cents $10 80 140 ibs. phosphoric acid soluble, @ 8 cents 11 20 40 lbs. " " reverted, @ 74^ cents 3 00 20 lbs. '' " insoluble, @ 5 cents 100 40 ft)3. potash, @ 5 cents 2 00 Value of one ton $28 00 Results of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, ae Manufacturer. Place where Made. Trade Name of Fertilizer. Where Specimen for Analysis was Selected. Name of Dealer. Crocker Chemical Works, 1 Buffalo, N.Y j Crocker Chemical Works, Buffalo, N. Y S Crocker Chemical Works, 1 Buffalo, N.Y j Crocker Chemical Works, ) Buffalo, N.Y f Crocker Chemical Works, ( Buffalo, N.Y f Crocker Chemical Works, 1 Buffalo, N. Y. f Crocker Chemical Works, 1 Buffalo, N. Y (■ North Western Fertilizing Co., 1 Chicago, 111 . ) ( Ammoniated Bone Su- \ \ perphosphate ( ( Potato, Hop, and To- 1 "1 bacco Phosphate J \ Pure Ground Bone S j "Vegetable Bone Super- 1 j phosphatel f 1 Queen City Phosphate... j- J Buffalo Superphosphate, 1 ( No.2 i" i Ammoniated Wheat 1 Phosphate f j Garden City Superphos- (. / nhate T j Lansing, Mich., | 1 A. Aber \ / Lansing, Mich., I A. Aber 1 Lansing, Mich., i 1 A. Aber f ( Flint, Mich., ) \ F.A.Piatt \ Flint, Mich., ( F. A. Piatt i I Lansing, Mich., J \ A. Aber j j Lansing, Mich., 1 i A. Aber j j Flint, Mich., \ \ Castree Mallery Co. j \ Flint, Mich., | / Castree Mallery Co. ( Flint, Mich., ( Castree Mallery Co. f j Factory j- /Big Rapids. Mich.,/ I Mr. Clark | S Manufactory, 1 1 Detroit, Mich... f ( Grand Haven, 1 1 Geo. Hancock.. . J \ Claimed 1 Found Claimed Found Claimed Found /Claimed (Found j Claimed 1 Found Claimed Found ( Claimed 1 Found ( Claimed 1 Found j Claimed 1 Found ( Claimed \ Found Claimed Found Claimed Found 1 Claimed j Found Claimed Found North Western Fertilizing Co., 1 Chicago, 111 f North Western Fertilizing Co., ) Chicago, 111 I North Western Fertilizing Co., 1 Chicago, 111 j Walton, Whan & Co., 1 Wilmington, Del f Michigan Carbon Works, ) Detroit, Mich f Michigan Carbon Works, 1 Detroit, Mich j 1 Challenge Corn Grower.. j Twenty-six Dollar Phos- 1 \ phate C - Fine Raw Bone \ \ Diamond Soluble Bone . . | ■j Drill Phosphate \ j Homestead Superphos- / 1 phate \ Agricultural College, Aug., 1887. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 175 The foregoing values of these substances are the average trade values or retail cost in market as agreed upon by the Experiment Stations of Connec- ticut, JSTew Jersey and Massachusetts for 1886. They represent the trade value and not the agricultural value of these materials. required by Act No. 26 of Session Laws of 1885. Composition of Fertilizer as Claimed by the Manufacturer and as Found by Analysis. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid, ] P2O6. Potash, Soluble in Water. Active Nitrogen as Soluble, Reverted, Available, Insoluble, Total, As Oxide, As Sulphate, Nitrogen. Ammonia. V'l Ob. P2O5. P.2 06. P2O6. P2O6. K2 0. K2 SO4. 2.9 to 3.7 2.76 3.5 to 4.5 3.28 6 to 8 7.00 2 to 4 2.50 8 to 12 9.50 lto2 1 9 to 14 10.50 lto3 1.10 2 to 6 1.70 3 to 3 2.59 2.5 to 3.5 3.14 6 to 8 7.29 2 to 4 2.89 8 to 12 10.16 lto2 1.18 9 to 14 11.34 3.5 to 4.5 3.50 6 to 8 6.36 2 9 to 3.7 3 5 to 4.5 25 23 25 23 3.50 4.25 5 to 6 4,25 6 to 7 5.15 4.5 to 5.5 3.5 1.5 to 2.5 2.59 6 to 8 6.09 lto2 33 7 to 10 6.41 6 to 8 5.00 11 to 15 9.20 1.65 to 2 1.80 2 to 2.5 2.20 6 to 8 6.16 2 to 4 5.00 8 to 12 11.16 lto2 1.00 9 to 14 12.16 lto2 1.07 2 to 4 1.6 10 to 11 10.18 lto2 2.88 11 to 13 13.06 lto2 .75 12 to 15 13.81 lto2 1.17 2 to 4 1.80 2 to 3 2.5 to 3.5 3.00 10 to 13 10.60 lto3 .80 11 to 15 11.40 2 to 3 2.16 3 to 5 2.50 8.23 2.37 3.30 1.64 to 2.47 2 to 3 3.00 9 to 11 10.46 2 to 4 2.12 11 to 15 12.58 lto3 1.50 2.50 5.98 4.48 1.64 to 2.47 2 to 3 2.10 9 to 11 8.50 2 to 4 3.85 U to 15 12.35 lto2 1.00 1.68 7.06 1.44 1.23 to 1.64 1.5 to 2 2 6 to 8 9.90 2 to 4 3.38 8 to 12 13.28 1.60 7.53 2.37 2.50 3.00 3.00 23 to 25 23.00 23 to 25 23.00 2.50 .44 to .88 .5tol .60 13 to 15 13.87 1.5 to 3 1.96 15 to 17 15.83 .50 10.13 3.74 lto2 1.05 1.25 to 2 1.25 7 to 8 8.9 .50 to 1.50 . .26 7.5 to 8.5 9.16 2 to 3 3.23 9.5 to 13.5 12.39 6 1.85 to 2.40 1.98 2.25 to 3.15 2.38 7 to 10 6.91 1. 3.88 8 to 11 10.79 00 .73 8 to 11 11.51 1.48 to 1.90 1.75 2.75 to 3.50 3.23 R. C. KEDZIE, Prof. Chemistry. H6 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. No. 28.— BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. FOREST PRODUCTS OF THE MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC BOTANY. Some years ago the writer was consulting an eminent professor in an Agricultural College in reference to plans for a museum of vegetable pro- ducts. After a little he exclaimed somewhat as follows: "What do you want of a museum, anyhow? What is it good for after you collect it and ^ut it in order ? " The present bulletin is prepared, among other things, to partially answer such questions. It is true that our classes have the long vacation in winter when vegetation is dormant. It is true that during most of the period for class-work, our students have the advantage of a rich native flora, a park, an arboretum, a botanic garden, a greenhouse, with flower beds in summer, vegetable and fruit gardens, orchards and fields. These contain vastly more than any student can make use of, or can comprehend, although large num- bers of these things are plainly labeled. Notwithstanding all of these there still seems to be need of a museum. The second story with a gallery above, in the building devoted to botany, is used for a museum of plant products. There are about 4,000 square feet of floor surface in the museum. Many of the specimens are in well made glass cases. At present I shall only speak of the timber collection or forest products. Some portions of these specimens were collected and exhibited at Phila- delphia in 1876, and again at New Orleans in 1884. For these exhibits the college has received two diplomas. As a visitor passes about the rooms, he sees plainly labeled a collection of natural root-grafts of large pine stumps, white cedar and beeches, and fifteen or twenty natural grafts of stems above ground, including a union of two beech trees, each about fifteen inches in diameter. They were united twenty- five feet above ground by a branch about seven feet long, which is about six inches in diameter in the smallest place. United they stood, united they fell, and still remain one and inseparable. One of the most interesting natural grafts is that of a black oak and a white oak — oaks belonging to widely different sections of the genus. Other specimens illustrate various stages in the process of uniting. Natural grafts of the stems of silver maples are more common in this vicinity than those of any other species. They frequently sprout at the ground, forming several trunks; the bark is thin and the trees grow rapidly. Here are roots of white willow which had run a hundred feet to fill a three-inch tile twice in four years, and a large mat of roots which had filled one-third of the diameter of a tile eighteen inches in diameter. And here are some roots from a cottonwood which had run a long way and filled a tile. The willows and the cottonwood and some elms were felled to prevent further trouble. When a long limb grows in a position where the end is much swayed back and forth by the wind, its base will thicken to enable it to stand the strain, making a large, stout shoulder. In a similar manner the base of a second- growth tree which has grown in an exposed place will be broad, stout and tapering ; while one in a dense forest not so exposed will be much more BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 177 nearly cylindrical near the ground. Specimens from the college grounds in the museum illustrate this fact. Three specimens — two of oaks and one beech — each contain a deer's antler imbedded in the wood, where two of them had been completely covered. A broken chain link was found when a stick of maple was split. Here are thirty-one young trees of full length, usually nine years old, taken from our arboretum. An assortment of slabs, carefully selected, illustrates the barks of most of our leading sorts of native trees, some of which are already scarce or wanting in many neighborhoods. There is a large assortment of knots from most of our species of trees. These are to illustrate the damage which is done to a tree by dead knots. Some sound knots are cut and polished, and some that are defective are also cut to show this fact. Limbs of an apple tree and another from a button- wood show two series, illustrating the various stages in healing over. The trunks of some trees are very winding. To illustrate this are two ironwoods, a tamarack, a white cedar and a yucca. Next we come to numerous examples in which one limb or tree had damaged another by rubbing or growing against it. Of such we have the blue beech, silver maple, white ash, locust and others. Vines of various kinds wind about and damage trees or branches. Here a bittersweet has died in the first attempt to strangle a white oak. A branch was repeating the operation when the specimen was brought to the museum. A vine of moon seed about a blue beech illustrates precisely the same con- dition of things. A grape-vine over one hundred feet long winds gracefully about among the upper timbers of the museum, and a section of another is about seven inches in diameter. Next we come to some trees badly scarred and healing over where floating ice had passed by in the spring. And next we notice how maples, hickories, oaks and basswoods were shivered or bent in different manners by a tornado. A photograph illustrates barns, houses, orchards much damaged on the spot where they were entirely demolished. There are pieces of the trunks of a baisswood, white ash, white oak, show- ing the work of lightning. Next appear three miserable looking specimens, showing the struggles of a poplar *and two maples to heal over their wounds made by horses hitched to them for want of suitable posts. Specimens illustrate the damage done to maples by sap-spiles, and others the attempts to heal over where the bark had died, or the trunk had been checked. These beeches, maples, basswoods, show the effect of sap-suckers, which dug for the cambium layer years before. There are no indications of any insects. A squirrel kept this hole open where a limb had died ; wood- peckers had made these holes in decaying poplars for their nests ; and here are a large number of boards, blocks, bark, limbs, showing the effect of borers. Larvae of numerous insects as they had damaged apple trees, locust, hickory, ash, oak, tamarack, pine, and there hangs a small tree with all its branches. The latter was a Scotch pine, and died soon after setting in spring. Beetles ate the young wood and young bark, so the outer bark was easily removed. Here is a good start towards a collection of tough wood of our valuable oaks, hickories, ashes, elms, ironwood, beech, basswood, and near them should be placed samples of brash or defective woods. Near by are two samples 23 178 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. showing how two elm boards warp when exposed to the sun on one side only, and showing which way the board near a slab or the side of a log will warp. Also near them a large number of specimens showing various defects in wood caused by branches, checks, decay, etc. Here are four panels, each eight by fourteen feet, covered by polished boards, and some not polished, each usually eight by sixteen inches. There is an assortment of duplicates, especially of our most valuable woods, and show various good and weak points, different sections, etc. The enterprise of one grange is still manifest by the large gilt letters as follows, " Sassafras, by Port Huron Grange, Mich., No. 480." In the ceiling of the wall, by some choice native woods, a chestnut board from Wayne county shows a bullet left long ago by some marksman. One suit of specimens contains the core of a birch log three feet long, which had been steamed and the veneering turned off. This was dried, several layers placed at right angles to each other and pressed, and held together by hot glue. The surface of the veneering cut around the log in this way is often very beautiful, and presents a different appearance from boards cut from a log. There is a beginning of a collection of cork, tan-bark, sawdust, thin wood for covering walls of houses, business cards made of cross sections of two sorts of soft maple, four large samples of hard wood mosaic suitable for floors of dining rooms. Here are short cross sections steamed and stamped to imitate carving, and they are very pretty. Over there are some young trees twisting about each other, doubtless the work of some student, and a beech slab, with names and dates carved in the bark; a vine of Virginia creeper, with an enlargement above a string tied years ago ; a hollow buttonwood log, such as was once used for smoke-houses, samples cut through the heart, showing that a young tree grows straighter as it grows older, by filling in most in the hollows ; samples of American elm and catalpa, in which the defect of weak crotches is illustrated ; samples of maple, white an.d blue ash, and beech and walnut that are curly; blocks showing bird's eye maple, as seen below the bark, as well as in polished boards. There are fifty-four sticks of wood of thirteen kinds of timber, once set in the ground to decide whether it was of any use to set posts top end down to increase their durability. The results were given in a former report, and show that it makes no difference which end up the post is set. Here a few rough boards of our leading sorts of timber for students to study, also boards to show some of the grades of white pine, and cross sections to show the various ways in which unprotected logs check at the end ; several hundred truncheons, a polished cross section of each native tree, samples of Michigan willow ware, with willow as it grew, some peeled, some split; a lot of nuts, fruits, cones and seeds of trees ; cocoanuts, coacoanut fibre, tampico used instead of hair for brushes, and " rice roots " used for coarse brushes. There are the gums and dyes, mostly from the pulse family, some St. John's bread (sweet edible pods), some wood from the bottom of a deep well in Dakota where no wood is now found ; products of southern pines, as turpentine, lampblack, rosin, tar. We have some wood-pulp for making paper, and samples of charcoal, and other products taken from the kilns. In one case are partially decayed limbs, boards, black knot of plum, cherry, oak, hickory, etc. These knots are caused by certain fungi. Wood will not decay until bacteria and other fungi work upon it. Here are cedar apples, caused by a fungus, and galls caused by insects. BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 179 So far as practicable, all of these things are placed together, according to the natural orders to which they belong. In collecting specimens, most attention is given to our own common native and useful trees. An effort is made to illustrate woods as manufactured, or partially manufactured, as well as in the natural condition. For want of room, many articles will be made in reduced size. For example, it is intended to show sashes, doors, blinds, pieces of moldings, flooring, well and poorly cut, weather strips, canoes, oars, tackle-blocks, spokes, neck-yokes, poles, shafts, hubs, rims, saddle-trees, hames, handles of hoes, forks, shovels, chisels, planes, mallets, spools, lasts, kegs, barrels, hoops, baskets, matches, wooden- ware, etc., etc. In time a guide book should be issued for the use of students and visitors. In the museums of the Kew Gardens, near London, the timbers of the different countries are separated from each other. The following quotation from the last guide book to the museum of economic botany at Kaw states the object of the museum to show the prac- tical application of botonical science: "■ They teach us to appreciate the gen- eral relations of the vegetable world to man. We learn from them the sources of the innumerable products furnished by the vegetable kingdom for our use and convenience, whether as articles of food, of construction and appli- cation in the arts, of medicine or curiosity. They suggest new channels for our industry. They show us the variety in form and structure presented by plants, and are a means of direct instruction in most important branches of useful knowledge. " We see from them the particular points upon which further information is needed, especially as to the origin of many valuable timbers, fibres and drugs, in order to perfect our knowledge of economic botany. In brief, the museum shows us how little as well as lioiu 'mucli we know of the extent to which herbs, shrubs and trees contribute to our necessities, comforts, and numberless requirements." Museums containing mounted mammals, birds, reptiles, skeletons, fishes, shells, fossils, insects, minerals, Indian relics, other animals in alcohol are not uncommon. They are very interesting and instructive. But a museum devoted wholly to plant products is not so common. If well selected, arranged and fully labeled, a visitor with a little time and some application never fails to find much that is new and worth knowing. This museum is for the instruction of the students in the mechanical course, as well as for those in the agricultural course. The large and increasing numbers who visit our museum above mentioned and the comments they make indicate that it already possesses many attrac- tive features, not only in the timber products here noticed, but in numerous other collections. W. J. BEAL, Prof, of Botany and Forestry. September 35, 1887. 180 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. No. 29,— VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. A NEW CONTAGIOUS DISEASE AMONG HORSES IN AMERICA. It has been observed for some years past by those investigators, who have devoted their talents to the advancemeat of science, that as the commercial intercourse between countries becomes more and more developed, the greater becomes the geographical distribution of contagious diseases, and as a conse- qence we find this continent, every now and again, coming in for its share of the burden of some new plague, and recently we find, on enquiring into the health of domestic animals, that it is our unpleasant duty to have to chronicle the introduction of an unwelcome visitor, presumably from France, and bearing the name of ''Maladie du Coit," which name has been given to the complaint by French scientists, owing to the peculiar manner in which most animals contract the disorder. While the Arabs, who have long known the disease, call it El dourine, or Dourinn. Speaking briefly of the early history of the malady, I may say that it wa& first observed in Eastern Europe during the latter part of the 18th century, but it was not until our own time that it made its appearance in some of the more westerly countries of that continent, when it invaded several parts of France, and was traced to the importation of a stallion, brought from Syria in Asia, iu 1851. French veterinarians think that from the close resemblance of the climate of the two countries, the germs of the complaint, having found a suitable abode in the southern part of the French continent, have come to stay. We now find from newspaper reports, as well as from the very inter- esting report of the Territorial Veterinarian of Wyoming, that the disease has prevailed in Illinois, even to an alarming extent in some parts, within the last three mouths ; but through the vigilance of the veterinarians in charge, and the State live stock commission, the malady has been confined, as far as I am aware, to McLean and DeWitt counties, in the center of the State. With regard to the introduction of " Maladie du Coit " into the United States, it must be admitted that the exact source from which it came is still wrapped in great obscurity; there is an idea, however, that it was imported with a black Percheron stallion in 1882, but it does not appear to have spread from this horse, in a virulent form at all events, until last spring. Since then about forty mares and two stallions are reported to have perished through the influence of this mysterious complaint. Still further with regard to the introduction of the plague. Territorial Vet- erinarian Hopkins tells us, in his recent report, that, " it is claimed by some creditable horsemen in DeWitt county, Illinois, that it was brought from Texas," and says further, "it appears that in 1885 a large number of mares were brought from Texas, and stinted to Percheron horses, and shortly after- wards the disease appeared among the stallions who served the mares," but at the conclusion of the paragraph says : " After much enquiring into this rumor I am obliged to state that I don't believe that it has any foundation in fact." As this plague is sure to spread unless it is prevented from so doing by the most vigilant preventive measures, and the close observance of strict quaran- tine upon the first signal of alarm, and in order |hat it may be headed off, as it were, I shall endeavor in this Bulletin to describe the peculiarities of the VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 181 complaint, so that it may be recognized by those interested in horse-flesh, should it cross the boundary lines of Michigan. Maladie du Coit, or Dourinn, may be regarded as a malignant venereal dis- ease, and as far as I am aware, is peculiar to solipeds (animals having no division in their foot), though some have regarded it as the same as syphilis in man, but experiment has so utterly failed to prove the assertion, that our best authorities have discarded that idea, when discussing the nature of the dis- ease. That it is of a contagious nature, has been proved beyond all reasonable doubt, but it is stated that the virus is of a fixed nature, and that it requires actual contact before the disease can be contracted. Though other authori- ties say that it may be transmitted from unhealthy to healthy animals, by men who handle the sick ones ; and as there is considerable discharge from certain parts of the body during the progress of the disease, I think very probably that it is sometimes spread by careless handling of sick and healthy animals. The period of incubation in this disease is often very short, being only a couple of days, but certain forms of the complaint are said to remain latent in the system for as much as two months. MOKTALITY OF THE DISOEDER. The percentage of deaths from this complaint vary very much, running up in some instances to as high as seventy per cent. It is not only the mortality of Dourinn that makes it so much to be dreaded, but when we add to this the trouble and expense of treatment, the length of time it takes to effect a cure, and the length of time it takes to get the animal back into its former condi- tion, even when it is cured, we can then form some idea how important it is to prevent the disease from spreading. SYMPTOMS. As this disorder has not existed long enough in this country for us to have become familiar with all the symptoms, and as I have not had an opportunity of investigating it myself, I shall have to draw on those transatlantic writers upon the subject, who have been more favored in this respect than myself. The disorder appears to manifest itself in a variety of ways according to the animal affected, and also according to the severity of the attack. In some the onset, course, and termination are so mild and favorable that it has been called the benign form of the disease, in contradistinction to that form which produces the most disastrous lesions, and frequently the death of the ani- mal, and hence called the malignant form of the disease. So we have the benignant form in the mare, the benignant form in the stallion; the malig- nant form in the mare and the malignant form in the stallion to discuss. Of the benignant form in the mare, let me say that she exhibits more or less uneasiness of her private parts, by whisking her tail from side to side, and would give one the idea at first as if she were coming in season, but this is soon followed by more evident signs of disease, for the vulva becomes swollen, and the lining of it is marked with red patches, which soon develop into pustules or ulcers. These ulcers soon disappear, to be followed in a short time by others, and after a variable number of these crops, the disease seems to wear itself out, and disappears without leaving any evil results. 182 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. The duration of this mild form has been observed to last for two months, though it usually terminates in about two weeks. The benignant form in the stallion is not so well marked as in the mare, though, if carefully observed, there will be noticed evident and irritable swelling of the prepuce (sheath), extending in some instances to the yard, causing more or less collapsus of it, and like the benign form in the mare, will sometimes disappear without causing any severe lesion, though this favorable termination cannot always be depended upon, for often, from want of attention, or other cause it develops into the malignant form. The malignant form of the disease in the mare is much to be dreaded, for its onset and course are frequently so aggravating as to cause the most dis- tressing symptoms, and death in the end. It is ushered in with the same general symptoms as are exhibited in the benign form, but soon we have a strong smelling catarrh from the mucous membrane of the vagina. On the outside of the vulva, as well as upon the delicate skin of the thighs, and under the tail, will be found circular abrasions. The emission of urine gives rise to much irritation, even amounting to excitement. The animal becomes hide bound, and swellings appear in various parts of the body — circular in outline, and say a couple of inches in diam- eter. They disappear after a time, to however, make their appearance in some other part. Then we have frequently nervous complications to contend with, producing in some animals a degree of marasmus hideous to behold. The animal, if required to walk, will do so in a very uncertain manner, showing that, to a great extent, it has lost control of its joints, which indeed may be much tumified. Things keep going from bad to worse, until death eventually closes th-e scene. The malignant form in the stallion is often a sequel to the benignant, and is, therefore, ushered in with the same characteristic symptoms. The yard and other contiguous parts will be marked with abrasions similar to those of the mare. The act of urination causes pain, showing that the lining of the urethra must be involved. The animal will soon begin to lose condition and become weak. If required to walk or trot, will govern himself is a very awkward manner, swaying from side to side, and sometimes falling. Other general symptoms are so like those of the mare that they do not require description. The malignant form of the disorder may extend through a period of months or even years before it will have run its course. SANITARY MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED FOR THE PREVENTION OF AN OUTBREAK. I may say in connection with the disease under consideration that preven- tion is not only better, but more easily accomplished than cure, by abstain- ing from the importation of mares or stallions for breeding purposes, from infected districts. When the disease prevails in a State or territory, all stal- lions used for breeding purposes, should be carefully examined by a competent person every now and again, and the slightest symptoms dealt with accord- ingly. Of the treatment of this complaint I am sorry to say it has not been very satisfactory up to the present, that is, when the disease manifests itself in DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. 183 the maiignant form, but the preparations of mercury have gained some favor both as external and internal remedies. The local treatment consists in the application of caustics to the ulcers, and this may be followed by an astrin- gent, such as, say, an ounce of sugar of lead to the pint of water, smeared upon the parts two or three times a day. In cases where weakness is exhibited in the hind quarters, much benefit may be gained by the application of a counter irritant to the loins. The constitutional treatment consists in the administration of both vegeta- ble and mineral tonics. E. A. A. GRANGE, Professor Veterinary Science, Agricultural College, Michigan, October 1, 1877. No. 30.— DEPAETMBNT OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. [Bulletin No. 31 is a reprint of the report of Professor Bailey pp. 64— ante.] FEEDING STEERS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. In- March last we published a bulletin (No. 24) which outlined in some degree the proposed experiment of feeding good representatives of some of the best known breeds of cattle from calfhood to maturity, under the same conditions. This bulletin also contained the breeding of the ten animals secured for this purpose, viz. : two each of pure bred Galloways, Short Horns, Ilolsteins, and Jerseys; one Hereford and one Devon, with a complete record of the food consumed, daily ration, monthly weights, and gains up to March 10, 1887. Name of animal. Breed. Latitude King Jumbo Judge Hendricks . . Potter Roscoe Beltz Nichols. Hom.er Holt Devon Galloway... Galloway . . Hereford... Jersey Jersey Holstein Holstein Short-horn Short-horn Date of birth. Mar. Feb. Jan. Oct. Feb. Aug. Nov. Feb. Nov. Dec. 33, '86 17, '86 1, '86 37. '85 35, '86 27, '85 17, '85 36, '86 35, '85 17, '85 1 So" a^- Bt. 9t< 00 in fro toOc unds. m 3 o c?0 a cSai; o goo cjco o f-H ■^0" ^s=- f^!^^ ■^g^ * 1 o'-' 1 Z.a °-^^ "•"i;^* XI 3 ^ r'S a ^■r-l i>i-( bop d.-oo ° S - o C , a a ^ r d5 3,338 4-° 830 1.45 3,413 1.33 1,050 1.75 2,617 2,937 1.48 1,366 1.95 3,361 3,862 1.64 1,100 1.54 3,540 3,381 1.12 935 1.56 3,305 2,771 1.58 1,046 ■ 1.35 3,835 3,937 1.16 1,406 2.03 4,051 4,422 1.72 1,136 1.9 2,973 3,173 1.76 1,310 1.91 3,827 3,983 1.58 1,160 1.75 3,148 3,613 1.56 ~- o t.0000 > <0 Ci V a ^ 2"° ■J P a o Ofl4 r-i Grain. Hay, 3.43 3.63 4.08 4.65 2.85 6.77 4.85 3.47 4.98 4.14 3.71 4.07 4.84 6.19 3.57 6.95 5.29 3.7 5.17 4.75 184 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BULLETINS. The present bulletin gives the results for the seven months ending Oct. 10, 1887. Months, 1887. Holstein steer, Beltz : March 10 to April 10. May 10 June 10 July 10 August 10 September 10. October 10.... Holstein, Nicholas : March 10 to April 10. May 10 June 10 July 10 August 10 September 10 . October 10 Galloway steer, King Jumbo : March 10 to April 10 May 10 June 10 July 10 , August 10 September 10. October 10.... Oalloway steer. Judge : March 10 to April 10... May 10 June 10 July 10. August 10 September 10. October 10 Hereford steer, Hendricks : March 10 to April 10 May 10 June 10 July 10 August 10 September 10 . October 10.... Daily ration. Pounds. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9.5 9.8 8.23 9.07 10.67 11. 11.02 8. 7.3 5.87 5.47 8.23 9.2 9.47 7. 7.3 3.9 5.53 7.7 8.63 7.37 8. 8.8 4.7 5.6 8.7 10.07 10,17 7. 7.1 3.87 3.9 5.8 7.67 7.93 W 10. 12.6 7.4 3.2 7.27 13.43 11.43 8.9 11.7 4.73 2.07 5.17 11.43 10.07 7.9 9.3 2.87 1.17 3.4 10.87 6.07 8.9 11.3 3.87 1.77 4.53 13.6 10.43 8. 10.2 4.67 2.7 4.6 11.87 9. ■3 S 990 763 481 368 538 733 679 927 662 334 226 402 619 586 867 592 219 201 333 584 403 927 697 270 221 397 710 618 870 611 272 198 312 586 508 Weights and gains. Pounds. a ^ a